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A significant aspect of hydroboration–oxidation is the regio- and stereochemical outcome of the reaction.
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If a set of reactants can yield multiple constitutional isomers, but one of the isomers is obtained as the major product, the reaction is said to be regioselective. In such reactions, bond formation or breaking is favored at one reaction site over others.
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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
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In the presence of organic peroxides, the addition of hydrogen bromide to an alkene yields the isomer that is not predicted by Markovnikov’s rule. For example, the addition of hydrogen bromide to 2-methylpropene in the presence of peroxides gives 1-bromo-2-methylpropane. This addition reaction proceeds via a free radical mechanism, which reverses the regioselectivity. The free radical reaction mechanism involves three stages: initiation, propagation, and termination.
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Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often catalyzed by acid. The reaction is named after its pioneers, Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger. The reaction is achieved by a wide range of peracids such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), perbenzoic acid (C6H5COOOH), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH).
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Catalyst-Controlled Stereoselective Barton-Kellogg Olefination.

Tanno A Schmidt1, Christof Sparr1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056, Basel, Switzerland.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|August 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a new catalytic method for synthesizing overcrowded alkenes, enabling precise stereochemical control. This breakthrough facilitates the creation of complex molecules for advanced functional materials and applications.

Keywords:
Barton-Kellogg olefinationhigher-order stereogenicityovercrowded alkenesstereodivergent catalysisstereoselective catalysis

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Area of Science:

  • Organic Chemistry
  • Stereochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Overcrowded alkenes possess unique stereochemical features crucial for applications in molecular switches and motors.
  • Previous synthesis of bistricyclic aromatic enes required stereospecific reactions and chiral auxiliaries, limiting broader application.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a direct catalytic method for the stereoselective synthesis of overcrowded alkenes.
  • To achieve enantio- and diastereocontrol in the preparation of bistricyclic aromatic enes.

Main Methods:

  • Employed the Barton-Kellogg olefination catalyzed by Rh₂(S-PTAD)₄.
  • Coupled diazo compounds with thioketones followed by reduction.
  • Utilized distinct thiirane reductions to access all stereoisomers.

Main Results:

  • Achieved direct catalyst control for stereoselective Barton-Kellogg olefination.
  • Synthesized various bistricyclic aromatic enes with high enantiomeric ratios (up to 99:1).
  • Demonstrated complete stereodivergence, accessing all four anti-folded overcrowded alkene stereoisomers.

Conclusions:

  • This catalytic strategy enables the efficient and stereocontrolled synthesis of topologically unique overcrowded alkenes.
  • The developed method opens avenues for creating novel functional materials, catalysts, and bioactive compounds.