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Institutional, program, and professional community: a framework for online higher education.

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First and Second Order Barriers to Teaching in K-12 Online Learning.

Andrew A Tawfik¹, Craig E Shepherd¹, Jessica Gatewood¹

¹University of Memphis, Ball Hall, 3798 Walker Ave, Memphis, TN 38111 USA.

Techtrends : for Leaders in Education & Training

|August 24, 2021

Summary

This case study examined K-12 online learning implementation challenges. Key barriers included instructional material adaptation, accountability, and socio-emotional support, impacting the teacher-student dynamic.

Keywords:

First and second order barriers K-12 Online learning Technology integration

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Area of Science:

Education
Educational Technology
K-12 Administration

Background:

Extensive research exists on online learning, but fewer studies address specific K-12 implementation challenges.
The transition to online formats in K-12 settings presents unique hurdles not fully captured in general online learning literature.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the implementation challenges of a K-12 school's migration to a fully online format.
To analyze these challenges using the first- and second-order barriers framework.

Main Methods:

A case study approach was employed to investigate the transition process.
The first- and second-order barriers framework guided the analysis of teacher and administrator experiences.

Main Results:

First-order barriers identified: time for instructional material design/adaptation, online accountability, and administrator support in communication.
Second-order barriers: perceived impact on teaching activities (feedback timeliness, accountability), teacher-student dynamics, and supporting socio-emotional needs.
Challenges in maintaining school culture and community through online platforms were significant.

Conclusions:

Successful K-12 online migration requires addressing both logistical (first-order) and pedagogical/socio-emotional (second-order) barriers.
Teacher perceptions of online learning's impact on core educational practices and relationships are critical.
Sustaining socio-emotional connections and school community is a key challenge in online K-12 education.