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Updated: Oct 23, 2025

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task

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Different flooring surfaces affect infants' crawling performance.

Jeewon Choi¹, Takeru Ogawa², Shin Takesue²

¹Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan.

Applied Ergonomics

|August 24, 2021

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Infants crawl slower and have longer hand-floor contact on hardwood floors compared to tatami mats. This suggests hardwood flooring may hinder effective infant locomotion development.

Area of Science:

Biomechanics
Developmental Pediatrics
Materials Science

Background:

Infant crawling is crucial for motor development.
Flooring type can impact locomotion due to varying friction and shock absorption.
Understanding these effects is key for designing optimal infant environments.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate how different flooring materials influence infant crawling biomechanics.
To compare crawling performance on tatami, hardwood, carpet, and joint mats.
To identify flooring characteristics that affect crawling efficiency.

Main Methods:

Quantified floor friction and shock absorption.
Utilized a 3D motion capture system to record infant crawling.
Measured spatiotemporal and kinematic variables in infants aged 8.7–12.4 months.

Keywords:

3D motion capture Crawling motion Flooring

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Main Results:

Crawling rate correlated with arm movement cadence, not stride length.
Hardwood flooring showed significantly lower crawling rates and longer hand-floor contact times versus tatami.
Flooring type had minimal impact on crawling stride length and joint range of motion.

Conclusions:

Hardwood flooring presents a disadvantage for infant quadrupedal locomotion.
Tatami mats appear more conducive to efficient infant crawling.
Findings highlight the importance of flooring selection for supporting infant motor development.