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Related Concept Videos

Factors Affecting Solubility04:01

Factors Affecting Solubility

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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Chȃtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

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Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
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The pH of a salt solution is determined by its component anions and cations. Salts that contain pH-neutral anions and the hydronium ion-producing cations form a solution with a pH less than 7. For example, in ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) solution, NO3− ions do not react with water whereas NH4+ ions produce the hydronium ions resulting in the acidic solution.  In contrast, salts that contain pH-neutral cations and the hydroxide ion-producing anions form a solution with a pH greater than...
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The equilibrium constant for a reaction is calculated from the equilibrium concentrations (or pressures) of its reactants and products. If these concentrations are known, the calculation simply involves their substitution into the Kc expression.
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A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
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Chemical factors such as changing CO2, O2, and H+ levels in arterial blood play a critical role in influencing respiration depth and rates. These variations are detected by chemoreceptors—specialized sensors located in two primary body areas. Central chemoreceptors are found throughout the brain stem, including the ventrolateral medulla, while peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid arteries.
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Measuring Phosphorus Release in Laboratory Microcosms for Water Quality Assessment
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Determining freshwater pCO2 based on geochemical calculation and modelling using PHREEQC.

Leonie Pötter1, Ralph Tollrian1, Frank Wisotzky2

  • 1Department of Animal Ecology, Evolution and Biodiversity, Ruhr-University Bochum, NDEF, Universitätsstraße 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.

Methodsx
|August 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) impacts freshwater CO2 partial pressure (pCO2). The geochemical program PHREEQC offers a standardized, comprehensive method for analyzing current and past freshwater pCO2 levels using hydrogeochemical data.

Keywords:
Climate changeFreshwater acidificationGlobal carbon cycleLong–term dataPHREEQCTotal CO2 concentration (TCO2)Total alkalinity (TA)Total inorganic carbon (TIC)pCO2pCO2–linked–process components

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Geochemistry
  • Limnology

Background:

  • Fossil fuel combustion increases atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), affecting global climate and oceans.
  • Rising atmospheric CO2 also influences CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in freshwater systems, which is governed by numerous factors.
  • Currently, a standardized method for determining current and past freshwater pCO2 is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate the geochemical program PHREEQC as a standardized method for freshwater pCO2 analysis.
  • To demonstrate the application of PHREEQC using laboratory and long-term field monitoring datasets.
  • To assess PHREEQC's capability in analyzing pCO2 considering hydrogeochemical and physical parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Application of the freeware geochemical program PHREEQC.
  • Utilizing input parameters including dissociation constants of carbonic acid, total inorganic carbon (TIC), total CO2 concentration (TCO2), and total alkalinity (TA).
  • Incorporating hydrogeochemical and physical parameters for comprehensive analysis.

Main Results:

  • PHREEQC provides a plausible and comprehensive analysis of freshwater pCO2.
  • The method is versatile, applicable to field, laboratory, and long-term data.
  • PHREEQC is not reliant on a single sampling method or parameter scheme and assesses data quality.

Conclusions:

  • PHREEQC is a robust strategy for determining freshwater pCO2.
  • The program facilitates the analysis of complex freshwater systems and long-term datasets.
  • PHREEQC aids in validating water analysis plausibility and calculating aquatic complexes.