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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

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α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are...
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Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

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For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is...
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Updated: Oct 22, 2025

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital
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Glycaemic Control in Diabetes.

D Müller-Wieland1, J Brandts2, M Verket2

  • 1Department of Medicine I, University Hospital RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany. dirmueller@ukaachen.de.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|September 1, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New diabetes drugs, GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors, offer cardiovascular and kidney protection independent of glucose lowering. This shifts type 2 diabetes treatment towards organ protection for improved patient prognosis.

Keywords:
GLP-1 receptor agonistsHeart failureSGLT-2 inhibitorsType 2 diabetes

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Cardiology
  • Nephrology

Background:

  • Traditional glucose-lowering in type 2 diabetes showed limited cardiovascular benefits.
  • Newer agents like GLP-1 receptor agonists and SGLT-2 inhibitors demonstrate cardiovascular advantages.
  • The mechanisms behind these HbA1c-independent benefits are under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the cardiovascular and organ-protective effects of novel diabetes medications.
  • To explore the emerging mechanisms of action for these drug classes.
  • To highlight the shift in treatment paradigms for type 2 diabetes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of cardiovascular endpoint studies and clinical trial data.
  • Analysis of proposed pharmacological mechanisms for cardioprotection and organ protection.
  • Examination of updated clinical recommendations and treatment guidelines.

Main Results:

  • GLP-1 receptor agonists show anti-inflammatory and plaque-stabilizing effects.
  • SGLT-2 inhibitors reduce cardiac preload/afterload and improve efficiency, offering renoprotection.
  • Both drug classes provide HbA1c-independent cardiovascular benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Treatment guidelines now prioritize SGLT-2 inhibitors and GLP-1 receptor agonists for patients with high cardio-renal risk.
  • SGLT-2 inhibitors are preferred for patients with heart failure or chronic kidney disease.
  • The focus of type 2 diabetes management has evolved to include evidence-based organ protection.