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Updated: Oct 21, 2025

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OpenMaze: An open-source toolbox for creating virtual navigation experiments.

Kyle Alsbury-Nealy1, Hongyu Wang2, Cody Howarth3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Sidney Smith Hall, 100 St. George Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G3, USA. kyle.nealy@mail.utoronto.ca.

Behavior Research Methods
|September 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

OpenMaze is a new open-source toolbox for creating 3D virtual navigation experiments. It empowers researchers without coding experience to design custom psychological tasks, enhancing ecological validity.

Keywords:
LearningMemoryNavigationSpatial cognitionUnity

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Computer Science
  • Virtual Reality

Background:

  • 3D virtual environments offer a way to balance experimental control and ecological validity in psychological studies.
  • Current development tools limit the flexible application of virtual environments in navigation experiments due to restricted task design features.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce OpenMaze, an open-source toolbox for the Unity game engine, designed to overcome limitations in creating 3D virtual navigation experiments.
  • To enable researchers, even without coding experience, to design and implement a wide range of custom spatial navigation tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Developed OpenMaze as a toolbox for the Unity game engine.
  • Experiments are defined using human-readable configuration files.
  • Ensured compatibility with various input devices and operating systems.

Main Results:

  • OpenMaze provides a flexible platform for conducting first-person spatial navigation experiments in customized 3D environments.
  • The toolbox allows for the creation of bespoke tasks without requiring prior programming knowledge.
  • Demonstrated the toolbox's advantages and limitations through a comparative review and a walkthrough of experiment construction.

Conclusions:

  • OpenMaze significantly enhances the ability of researchers to utilize 3D virtual environments for psychological experiments, particularly in spatial navigation.
  • The toolbox democratizes the creation of complex virtual experiments by removing the need for coding expertise.
  • OpenMaze represents a valuable tool for advancing research in virtual reality-based psychology.