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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Signaling01:30

Bacterial Signaling

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Bacterial signaling can occur within bacteria (intracellular) or between bacteria (intercellular). At times, a group of bacteria behaves like a community. To achieve this, they engage in quorum sensing, the perception of higher cell density that causes changes in gene expression. Quorum sensing involves both extracellular and intracellular signaling. The signaling cascade starts with a molecule called an autoinducer (AI). Individual bacteria produce AIs that move out of the bacterial cell...
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Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing01:28

Gene Regulation in Microbial Communities: Quorum Sensing

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Quorum sensing is a mechanism of bacterial communication that enables coordinated gene expression in response to changes in population density. This facilitates collective behaviors that enhance survival, resource acquisition, and ecological adaptation. This process relies on small signaling molecules called autoinducers that accumulate as bacterial populations grow. When a critical threshold concentration of autoinducers is reached, bacterial cells collectively modify gene expression,...
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Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

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Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
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Microorganisms in Agriculture and Food industry01:27

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Microorganisms play a crucial role in agriculture and the food industry, contributing to soil fertility, crop protection, and food production. Their functions range from nitrogen fixation and biopesticide production to fermentation and food preservation, making them indispensable to sustainable farming and food safety.Role in AgricultureNitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium (symbiotic) and Azotobacter (free-living), convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia through biological nitrogen...
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Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

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Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high...
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NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway02:26

NF-κB-dependent Signaling Pathway

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The transcription factor NF-κB was discovered in 1986 in the lab of Nobel laureate Professor David Baltimore, for its interaction with the immunoglobulin light chain enhancer in B-cells. After more than three decades of study, it is now evident that NF-κB regulates the expression of over 100 genes. Most of these genes play an essential role in the innate and adaptive immune responses as well as the inflammatory responses of animals.
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Potential Roles for Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid Signaling in Bacterial Communities.

Sarah J Quillin1, Peter Tran2, Arthur Prindle1,2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics and Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA.

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The gut microbiome and brain communicate bidirectionally via the gut-brain axis. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is key to this communication, signaling between diverse organisms and within bacterial communities.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Microbiology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The gut microbiome significantly influences human neurology and behavior, establishing a bidirectional communication pathway known as the gut-brain axis.
  • Mechanisms underlying this gut-brain axis are progressively being elucidated, highlighting the intricate relationship between microbial communities and the central nervous system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • This review focuses on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) as a critical signaling molecule in interkingdom communication.
  • The study aims to summarize recent research on GABA's role in the gut-brain axis and broader interspecies signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of interkingdom signaling research.
  • Analysis of studies investigating GABA's presence and function across diverse species including bacteria, fungi, plants, and mammals.
  • Examination of GABA's role in mediating communication within the gut microbiome.

Main Results:

  • Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a ubiquitous signaling molecule found in various organisms, including gut bacteria.
  • GABAergic signaling is confirmed as a vital component of the gut-brain axis.
  • Emerging evidence shows GABA mediates interkingdom signaling between algae-invertebrates, plants-invertebrates, and plants-bacteria.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding GABA-mediated communication in the gut-brain axis requires investigating its role within bacterial communities.
  • Deciphering bacterial GABA metabolism and signaling is crucial for a comprehensive view of the gut-brain axis.
  • GABA represents a significant molecular link in the complex interactions between the gut microbiome and host neurology.