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Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stem cells that can differentiate into most connective tissue cell types, except for hematopoietic cells, depending upon the source of MSCs. For example, bone-marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) can differentiate into osteocytes, hepatocytes, and pancreatic and neuronal cells. MSCs can be isolated from various sources such as bone marrow, placenta, adipose tissue, teeth, and Wharton’s jelly, a gelatinous substance in the umbilical cord. The ease of their...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Cell and Tissue Engineering for Tendon Repair

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Cell and Tissue Engineering for Tendon Repair

Published on: March 1, 2024

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Sheets for Engineering of the Tendon-Bone Interface.

Lisa Berntsen¹, Anoosha Forghani¹, Daniel J Hayes¹

¹Department of Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA.

Tissue Engineering. Part A

|September 3, 2021

Summary

Engineered composite cell sheets from human stem cells successfully regenerated the tendon-bone interface. This method shows promise for improving surgical repair outcomes by creating a functional gradient tissue.

Keywords:

adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells cell sheets enthesis tendon–bone interface tenogenesis

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Applying a Three-dimensional Uniaxial Mechanical Stimulation Bioreactor System to Induce Tenogenic Differentiation of Tendon-Derived Stem Cells

Applying a Three-dimensional Uniaxial Mechanical Stimulation Bioreactor System to Induce Tenogenic Differentiation of Tendon-Derived Stem Cells

Published on: August 1, 2020

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Last Updated: Oct 21, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Cell and Tissue Engineering for Tendon Repair

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Cell and Tissue Engineering for Tendon Repair

Published on: March 1, 2024

Author Spotlight: Advancing Tendon Tissue Engineering with 3D Organoid Models

Author Spotlight: Advancing Tendon Tissue Engineering with 3D Organoid Models

Published on: June 21, 2024

Applying a Three-dimensional Uniaxial Mechanical Stimulation Bioreactor System to Induce Tenogenic Differentiation of Tendon-Derived Stem Cells

Applying a Three-dimensional Uniaxial Mechanical Stimulation Bioreactor System to Induce Tenogenic Differentiation of Tendon-Derived Stem Cells

Published on: August 1, 2020

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Regenerative Medicine
Tissue Engineering

Background:

The tendon-bone interface (enthesis) is crucial for musculoskeletal health.
Regenerating this gradient tissue after injury remains a significant clinical challenge.
Current surgical repair methods often yield suboptimal functional outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate composite cell sheets for engineering the tendon-bone interface.
To improve the regeneration of the functionally graded enthesis tissue.
To hypothesize that stacked tenogenic and osteogenic progenitor cell sheets create integrated layers.

Main Methods:

Human adipose-derived stem cells were differentiated into tenogenic and osteogenic progenitors.
Cell sheets were fabricated on thermally reversible polymers.
Tenogenic and osteogenic cell sheets were stacked to create the engineered interface (TM-OM).
Characterization included histology, gene expression (RT-qPCR), and immunofluorescence.

Main Results:

The TM-OM construct exhibited integrated layers expressing tendon, mineralized fibrocartilage, and bone markers.
Tenogenic cell sheets upregulated scleraxis and tenomodulin.
Osteogenic cell sheets showed mineralization and upregulated osterix and osteonectin.
The engineered interface displayed increased gene expression of IHH and COLX, indicating endochondral ossification.

Conclusions:

Composite cell sheets fabricated with adipose-derived stem cells show potential for engineering the tendon-bone interface.
This method facilitates the regeneration of a biological gradient at the enthesis.
The approach offers a promising strategy for complex tissue interface engineering using a single autologous cell source.