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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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A Key Management Protocol Based on the Hash Chain Key Generation for Securing LoRaWAN Networks.

Shimaa A Abdel Hakeem1,2, Sherine M Abd El-Kader2, HyungWon Kim1

  • 1School of Electronics Engineering, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 10, 2021
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Summary

This study introduces a novel key management protocol for Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) devices, enhancing security and efficiency for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The new protocol resolves LoRaWAN

Keywords:
IoT communicationLoRaWAN securityauthenticationencryptionhash chain generationkey updates issuessalt encryption

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Network Security

Background:

  • Resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices require secure communication protocols with low power consumption.
  • Existing Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) protocols offer some security but face challenges in session key generation and updates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel key management protocol addressing LoRaWAN's session key generation and update limitations.
  • To enhance the security and efficiency of LoRaWAN for IoT applications.

Main Methods:

  • A new protocol based on hash chain generation using a one-way hash function.
  • Implementation of a salt hashing algorithm to protect end-device keys from physical attacks.
  • Performance analysis of computation time, storage, and communication overhead using the NS-3 network simulator.

Main Results:

  • The proposed protocol significantly improves LoRaWAN security with negligible overhead.
  • Achieved a two-fold reduction in power consumption and transmission time compared to previous protocols.
  • Demonstrated resistance against key compromising and replay attacks, and introduced Perfect Forward Secrecy.

Conclusions:

  • The developed lightweight key generation protocol effectively enhances LoRaWAN security for IoT.
  • The protocol offers improved efficiency and robust protection against common network attacks.
  • The integration of Perfect Forward Secrecy addresses a critical security gap in LoRaWAN.