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Advanced Heart Failure: Definition, Epidemiology, and Clinical Course

Maria Generosa Crespo-Leiro1, Eduardo Barge-Caballero2

  • 1Heart Failure and Heart Transplant Unit, Cardiology Department, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario A Coruña (CHUAC), Xubias 84, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; Instituto Investigación Biomedica A Coruña (INIBIC); Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red Cardiovascular (CIBERCV); Universidade da Coruña (UDC).

Heart Failure Clinics
|September 13, 2021
PubMed

Keywords:
Advanced heart failureCoordination and networkingDefinitionHeart transplantationMechanical circulatory supportPrognosisReferral criteriaSelection criteria

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Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
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Heart failure can be classified in various ways, with the most common classifications based on physical activity limitations, disease progression, severity, and treatment strategies.The Functional Classification of Heart Failure divides patients into four categories based on physical activity limitation due to symptom burden.Class I: Patients in this class have cardiac disease but no physical activity limitations. Ordinary activities like walking, climbing stairs, or routine tasks do not cause...
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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
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