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Updated: Oct 20, 2025

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
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Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

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Explaining age differences in the memory-experience gap.

Doerte U Junghaenel1, Joan E Broderick1, Stefan Schneider1

  • 1Dornsife Center for Self-Report Science and Center for Economic & Social Research, University of Southern California.

Psychology and Aging
|September 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Older adults show a smaller memory-experience gap for negative emotions and loneliness. This difference is partly explained by less daily variability in their experiences, impacting retrospective well-being reports.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Gerontology
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Retrospective self-reports often overestimate emotions and symptoms, creating a memory-experience gap.
  • Previous research suggests older adults exhibit a smaller gap for negative affect compared to younger adults.
  • However, age-related differences in this gap across various well-being domains and their underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate age differences in the memory-experience gap across emotional, social, and physical well-being domains.
  • To examine potential explanatory factors including cognitive function, positivity effect, daily experience variability, and social desirability.
  • To understand how aging influences the accuracy of retrospective well-being assessments.

Main Methods:

  • A 21-day diary study involving 477 adults across three age groups (21-44, 45-64, 65+).
  • Daily end-of-day ratings and retrospective ratings over multiple recall periods (3, 7, 14, 21 days).
  • Assessment of episodic memory, executive functioning, positivity effect, daily variability, and social desirability.

Main Results:

  • Older adults demonstrated a smaller memory-experience gap for negative affect and loneliness compared to younger and middle-aged adults.
  • Reduced day-to-day variability in experiences partially accounted for the smaller gap in older adults.
  • No significant age differences were found in the memory-experience gap for positive affect, pain, or fatigue.

Conclusions:

  • Age differences in the memory-experience gap are domain-specific, particularly evident for negative affect and loneliness.
  • The reduced variability of daily experiences in older adults plays a role in their more accurate retrospective well-being reports.
  • Future research should consider the impact of daily experience variability on age-related differences in retrospective self-reporting.