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Related Concept Videos

Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Heterochromatin02:38

Heterochromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions that take up more dye are called heterochromatin. Heterochromatin is further classified into two forms – constitutive heterochromatin and facultative heterochromatin.
Constitutive heterochromatin: It is a highly compact region of chromatin that is mostly concentrated in the centromere and telomere. Unlike euchromatin, the amino acid at...
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Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

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The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Centrosome Duplication02:25

Centrosome Duplication

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The primary microtubule organizing center (MTOC) in animal cells is the centrosome. A centrosome has two cylindrical centrioles at its core. Each centriole consists of nine sets of three microtubules held together by proteins. The centrioles are positioned at right angles to each other and surrounded by a shapeless protein cloud called the pericentriolar matrix, or pericentriolar material (PCM).
To ensure that each daughter cell receives a centrosome after cell division, centrosome duplication...
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Cohesins02:20

Cohesins

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Cohesin protein complexes are a molecular glue that holds two sister chromatids together. They play an important role both in mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, all cohesin complexes present on the chromosomes are removed before the start of the anaphase stage.
Cohesin complexes in Meiotic Division
Meiosis involves two distinct rounds of chromosomal segregation and cell divisions— Meiosis I followed by Meiosis II – producing four daughter cells. Meiosis I includes the separation of...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Immunofluorescence Analysis of Endogenous and Exogenous Centromere-kinetochore Proteins
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Selfish centromeres, selfless heterochromatin.

Elvira Nikalayevich1, Marie-Hélène Verlhac1

  • 1Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, UMR7241/U1050, PSL Research University, Paris 75005, France.

Cell
|September 17, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Centromere strength differences can bias chromosome segregation. Kumon et al. present a novel model exploring how evolution impacts this balance, crucial for cell division accuracy.

Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Cell Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Centromeres are essential chromosomal regions for accurate segregation during cell division.
  • Variations in centromere strength can lead to unequal distribution of chromosomes.
  • Faithful chromosome segregation is vital for preventing aneuploidy and genetic instability.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose a new model explaining the evolutionary forces shaping centromere strength.
  • To investigate how evolutionary pressures influence the balance of centromere strength.
  • To understand the implications of centromere strength variations on chromosome segregation fidelity.

Main Methods:

  • The study introduces a theoretical model.
  • The model incorporates principles of evolutionary dynamics.

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  • Mathematical and computational approaches were likely employed to analyze the model.

    • Main Results:

    • The proposed model provides a framework for understanding evolutionary impacts on centromere strength.
    • It suggests that evolutionary pressures can maintain or alter the balance of centromere strength.
    • These alterations can directly influence the bias in chromosome segregation.

    Conclusions:

    • Evolution plays a significant role in determining the balance of centromere strength.
    • Understanding this evolutionary balance is key to comprehending chromosome segregation.
    • The model offers insights into the genetic basis of chromosomal abnormalities.