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Effects of EDTA on End-Point Detection Methods

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Different methods, such as visual observance of metal-ion indicators, spectroscopic techniques, and potentiometric methods, can determine the endpoint of an EDTA titration.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Quantification of Global Diastolic Function by Kinematic Modeling-based Analysis of Transmitral Flow via the Parametrized Diastolic Filling Formalism
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Optimization based ECG watermarking in RDWT-SVD domain.

N Sharma1, A Anand1, A K Singh1

  • 1Department of CSE, NIT Patna, Patna, Bihar India.

Multimedia Tools and Applications
|September 20, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel ECG watermarking technique using redundant discrete wavelet transform (RDWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD). The method offers robust and invisible data embedding for secure transmission of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals in smart healthcare.

Keywords:
ECG signalOptimizationRDWTSVDSubsamplingWatermarking

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Digital Signal Processing
  • Medical Informatics

Background:

  • The proliferation of point-of-care services necessitates secure digital patient record transmission.
  • Protecting sensitive medical data, such as electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, during remote transmission is a significant challenge.
  • Alterations in ECG signals can compromise cardiovascular disease diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a robust and invisible watermarking technique for ECG signals.
  • To ensure the integrity and ownership authentication of ECG data in smart healthcare systems.
  • To enhance the security of digital medical records during transmission.

Main Methods:

  • ECG signals were converted into 2-D matrices using the Pan-Tompkins algorithm.
  • A hybrid approach combining Redundant Discrete Wavelet Transform (RDWT) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) was employed for data concealment.
  • An optimization scheme was integrated to improve watermark robustness.

Main Results:

  • The developed ECG watermarking scheme demonstrated high invisibility and robustness.
  • Experimental results showed effectiveness up to 97.89% compared to traditional methods.
  • The technique proved suitable for ownership authentication of ECG signals.

Conclusions:

  • The RDWT-SVD based ECG watermarking technique provides an effective solution for securing digital medical data.
  • The method enhances data integrity and supports ownership authentication in smart healthcare.
  • This approach contributes to the secure communication of sensitive patient information.