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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
The olfactory...
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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Constructing an Olfactometer for Rodent Olfactory Behavior Studies Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Hyperscanning Study in Psychological Counseling
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Cortical network and connectivity underlying hedonic olfactory perception.

Alejandro Luis Callara1,2, Alberto Greco1,2, Johannes Frasnelli3

  • 1Research Center 'E. Piaggio', School of Engineering, University of Pisa, Largo Lucio Lazzarino 1, 56122 Pisa, Italy.

Journal of Neural Engineering
|September 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is key for processing odor valence, showing distinct interactions with other brain regions for pleasant and unpleasant smells. This reveals dynamic changes in the hedonic olfactory network based on scent evaluation.

Keywords:
EEGICAbrain networkscausal interactionshedonic olfactionorbitofrontal cortex

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Sensory Perception
  • Brain Connectivity

Background:

  • Olfactory stimuli evoke emotional responses via limbic system activation.
  • Limited understanding of cortical projection and dynamic interactions in odor processing.
  • Need to elucidate neural pathways for odor valence assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the brain network involved in processing odor valence.
  • To map neural pathways and their dynamic interactions during olfactory perception.
  • To investigate the role of specific cortical areas in evaluating odor pleasantness.

Main Methods:

  • Acquired EEG data during a passive odor-perception task with varying valences.
  • Applied a novel pipeline: Global Field Power (GFP), Independent Component Analysis (ICA), and dipole source localization.
  • Utilized a time-varying multivariate autoregressive model for time-frequency causal interaction analysis.

Main Results:

  • Identified a brain network including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), cingulate gyrus (CgG), superior temporal gyrus (STG), posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus (PCC/PCu), and parahippocampal gyrus (PHG).
  • Neural paths were identified across theta (4-7Hz), alpha (8-12Hz), and beta (13-30Hz) frequency bands.
  • The OFC emerged as the primary node for odor perception and valence evaluation; no specific path was found for neutral stimuli.

Conclusions:

  • The OFC plays a specific and crucial role in hedonic perception and odor valence assessment.
  • Bidirectional interactions between the OFC and brain regions involved in emotion and memory dynamically change based on odor valence.
  • Findings unveil the dynamic nature of the hedonic olfactory network during scent evaluation.