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Plasticizers01:31

Plasticizers

140
Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
Plasticizers function by using surface-active agents to create repulsive electrostatic forces between cement particles. This dispersion enhances the concrete's...
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Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity01:26

Polymer Classification: Stereospecificity

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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

3.4K
Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 19, 2025

Vapor Phase Deposition of Electroactive Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) onto Electrospun Commodity Polymer Nanofibers
08:28

Vapor Phase Deposition of Electroactive Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) onto Electrospun Commodity Polymer Nanofibers

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Increasing ionic conductivity within thermoplastics via commercial additives results in a dramatic decrease in fiber

Neelam Sheoran1, Brent Boland1, Samuel Thornton1

  • 1Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8202, USA. jason_bochinski@ncsu.edu.

Soft Matter
|September 23, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Adding an anti-static agent to polyethylene melt significantly reduced electrospun fiber diameter. This conductivity modification enabled the formation of sub-micron fibers, offering new possibilities for material science applications.

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Molecular Entanglement and Electrospinnability of Biopolymers
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Molecular Entanglement and Electrospinnability of Biopolymers

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Fluid Mechanics

Background:

  • Electrospinning is a versatile technique for producing polymer fibers.
  • Controlling fiber diameter is crucial for tailoring material properties.
  • Polymer melt conductivity influences electrospinning outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of enhanced polyethylene melt conductivity on electrospun fiber diameter.
  • To explore the relationship between conductivity, viscosity, and fiber formation.
  • To analyze the fluid mechanics governing electrospinning with modified conductivity.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized two polyethylene formulations with varying anti-static agent concentrations.
  • Employed an unconfined electrospinning setup for direct observation.
  • Measured fiber diameters and correlated them with conductivity and viscosity.

Main Results:

  • Increased melt conductivity by adding an anti-static agent led to a 20x decrease in fiber diameter.
  • A significant fraction of sub-micron diameter fibers were successfully produced.
  • Established a correlation between conductivity, jet radius, and resultant fiber size.

Conclusions:

  • Polymer melt conductivity is a critical parameter for controlling electrospun fiber diameter.
  • Enhanced conductivity facilitates the production of ultra-fine fibers.
  • The study provides insights into electrospinning fluid dynamics and parameter optimization.