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Updated: Oct 18, 2025

Identifying Per- and Polyfluorinated Chemical Species with a Combined Targeted and Non-Targeted-Screening High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry Workflow

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Published on: April 18, 2019

Information Requirements under the Essential-Use Concept: PFAS Case Studies.

Juliane Glüge¹, Rachel London¹, Ian T Cousins²

¹Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.

Environmental Science & Technology

|October 5, 2021

Summary

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent and toxic chemicals. Evaluating their essential uses requires comprehensive data on alternatives, which is often lacking, hindering a transparent phase-out process.

Keywords:

PFAS carpet chrome plating essential use fluoropolymer

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Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Toxicology
Chemical Risk Assessment

Background:

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exhibit extreme persistence and toxicity, raising significant environmental and health concerns.
The essential-use concept proposes restricting PFAS to applications critical for health, safety, or societal function where no alternatives exist.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess the information requirements for implementing the essential-use concept for PFAS.
To evaluate the availability and suitability of alternatives for various PFAS applications.

Main Methods:

Investigated seven diverse PFAS uses (three consumer, four industrial).
Assessed available data on PFAS types, functions, and alternatives' performance and hazards.
Evaluated information sufficiency for essentiality decisions.

Main Results:

PFAS applications are highly varied, with often limited or absent information on alternatives.
PFAS in consumer products are generally easier to replace than those in complex industrial processes.
Industrial PFAS uses necessitate detailed technical function analysis and thorough alternative suitability assessments.

Conclusions:

Significant data gaps exist regarding PFAS alternatives, complicating essential-use evaluations.
Enhanced stakeholder coordination is crucial for a transparent and coherent PFAS phase-out.
The study highlights the need for comprehensive data to support informed decisions on PFAS essentiality.