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The SF12 Well in LoRaWAN: Problem and End-Device-Based Solutions.

Lluís Casals¹, Carles Gomez¹, Rafael Vidal¹

¹Department of Network Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08860 Castelldefels, Spain.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|October 13, 2021

Summary

Internet of Things (IoT) networks using LoRaWAN can suffer from performance issues due to devices increasing their spreading factor (SF) after failed transmissions. This paper identifies the "SF12 Well" problem and shows alternative methods can improve packet delivery by over 4.7x.

Keywords:

AFLoRa LPWAN LoRaWAN SF12 well congestion well fall time

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Area of Science:

Wireless communication networks
Internet of Things (IoT) technologies

Background:

LoRaWAN is a popular connectivity solution for IoT devices, designed for scalability.
Network performance can degrade significantly when devices employ link-layer reliability, leading to increased spreading factors (SF) after transmission failures.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify and characterize a network condition termed the "SF12 Well" in LoRaWAN.
To investigate the impact of link-layer reliability on LoRaWAN scalability and performance.

Main Methods:

Extensive simulations were conducted across various scenarios.
Analysis focused on device behavior, channel utilization, and spreading factor dynamics.

Main Results:

The study identified a network condition where devices converge to the highest spreading factor (SF12), causing performance degradation and potential congestion collapse.
Alternative Spreading Factor (SF) management techniques were shown to effectively mitigate this issue.

Conclusions:

The "SF12 Well" phenomenon negatively impacts LoRaWAN scalability.
Implementing alternative SF management strategies can significantly improve network performance and packet delivery ratio, achieving up to a 4.7x increase.