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Related Concept Videos

Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

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Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
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Rapidly dividing tumors, embryos, and wounded tissues require more oxygen than usual, lowering the oxygen concentration in the blood. At low oxygen or hypoxic conditions, an oxygen-sensitive transcription factor called the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 or HIF1 is activated. HIF1 is a dimeric protein of alpha (ɑ) and beta (β) subunits.  Under optimal oxygen conditions, HIF1β is present in the nucleus while HIF1ɑ remains in the cytosol. HIF1ɑ is hydroxylated by prolyl...
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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
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Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Author Spotlight: Optimizing the Neurovascular Development of Human Brain Organoid in Chick Embryo
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Translational control in neurovascular brain development.

Kleanthi Chalkiadaki1, Elpida Statoulla1, Maria Markou1

  • 1Division of Biomedical Research, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.

Royal Society Open Science
|October 18, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Brain development involves coordinated cell growth, with translational control crucial for neurons and endothelial cells (ECs). This review examines how translational control impacts brain development in health and disease.

Keywords:
brain developmentendothelial cellsneuronsneurovasculartranslational control

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • The human brain's complex functions depend on precise development of diverse cell types.
  • Neuronal and vascular cell development are tightly coordinated, involving cell-cell communication and gene regulation.
  • Translational control is a key mechanism regulating gene expression in both neurons and endothelial cells (ECs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the mechanisms of translational control in neuronal and endothelial cells.
  • To highlight the role of translational control in brain development.
  • To discuss implications in health and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on translational control in brain development.
  • Analysis of gene expression regulation in neurons and ECs.
  • Examination of localized translation in cellular compartments.

Main Results:

  • Translational control is essential for neuronal development, including axon growth and synapse formation.
  • In ECs, translational control is vital for tip cell function and vascular network formation.
  • Dysregulation of translational control is implicated in various neurological and vascular disorders.

Conclusions:

  • Translational control is a critical regulator of cell development and function in the brain.
  • Understanding these mechanisms offers insights into brain development and associated diseases.
  • Targeting translational control pathways may hold therapeutic potential.