Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

The Carbon Cycle

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

Carbon-dioxide Fixation

Carbon dioxide fixation in prokaryotes enables the assimilation of inorganic carbon into organic molecules, supporting biosynthetic pathways, sustaining ecosystems, and contributing to the global carbon cycle. It also has industrial applications in carbon capture and bioproduct synthesis. Autotrophic organisms rely on this process to utilize CO₂ as a carbon source in diverse environments.The Calvin CycleThe Calvin cycle is the most widespread carbon fixation mechanism, primarily used by...

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

Propagation of Uncertainty from Systematic Error

The atomic mass of an element varies due to the relative ratio of its isotopes. A sample's relative proportion of oxygen isotopes influences its average atomic mass. For instance, if we were to measure the atomic mass of oxygen from a sample, the mass would be a weighted average of the isotopic masses of oxygen in that sample. Since a single sample is not likely to perfectly reflect the true atomic mass of oxygen for all the molecules of oxygen on Earth, the mass we obtain from this...

Trophic Efficiency

Trophic Efficiency

Trophic level transfer efficiency (TLTE) is a measure of the total energy transfer from one trophic level to the next. Due to extensive energy loss as metabolic heat, an average of only 10% of the original energy obtained is passed on to the next level. This pattern of energy loss severely limits the possible number of trophic levels in a food chain.

Carbon Skeletons

Carbon Skeletons

Life on Earth is carbon-based, as all macromolecules that make up living organisms contain carbon atoms. All organic compounds have a carbon backbone. Each carbon atom is tetravalent and can bond with four other atoms, making it an extraordinarily flexible component of biological molecules. Because carbon’s valence electrons are stable, it rarely becomes an ion. As the carbon chain increases in length, structural modifications such as ring structures, double bonds, and branching side...

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

Systematic Error: Methodological and Sampling Errors

In the case of systematic errors, the sources can be identified, and the errors can be subsequently minimized by addressing these sources. According to the source, systematic errors can be divided into sampling, instrumental, methodological, and personal errors.
Sampling errors originate from improper sampling methods or the wrong sample population. These errors can be minimized by refining the sampling strategy. Defective instruments or faulty calibrations are the sources of instrumental...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Maximum water stress is decoupled from climate, traits, and growth in a xeric oak.

The New phytologist·2026

Same author

Mechanisms and scales in modeling forest responses to changing disturbance regimes.

The New phytologist·2026

Same author

Lack of Hydraulic Acclimation in Response to Multiple Droughts and Recovery.

Plant, cell & environment·2026

Same author

Forest carbon protocols underestimate climate-driven carbon loss risks.

Nature·2026

Same author

A Global Comparison of Direct and Legacy Effects of Drought on Ecosystem Productivity.

Ecology letters·2026

Same author

Functional Diversity in Land Surface Modeling: Where and When Does It Matter for the Terrestrial Carbon Cycle?

Global change biology·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

Published on: October 21, 2016

Systematic over-crediting in California's forest carbon offsets program.

Grayson Badgley^1,2, Jeremy Freeman³, Joseph J Hamman^3,4

¹Black Rock Forest, Cornwall, New York, USA.

Global Change Biology

|October 20, 2021

Summary

California's forest carbon offsets program over-credits emissions reductions, providing billions in excess credits. This undermines the program's goal of achieving real climate benefits through forest management.

Keywords:

adverse selection carbon offsets climate policy forests

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: On-Site Biochar Production for Woody Debris Incineration in Forestry

Author Spotlight: On-Site Biochar Production for Woody Debris Incineration in Forestry

Published on: January 5, 2024

Use of Principal Components for Scaling Up Topographic Models to Map Soil Redistribution and Soil Organic Carbon

Use of Principal Components for Scaling Up Topographic Models to Map Soil Redistribution and Soil Organic Carbon

Published on: October 16, 2018

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 16, 2025

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

Published on: October 21, 2016

Author Spotlight: On-Site Biochar Production for Woody Debris Incineration in Forestry

Author Spotlight: On-Site Biochar Production for Woody Debris Incineration in Forestry

Published on: January 5, 2024

Use of Principal Components for Scaling Up Topographic Models to Map Soil Redistribution and Soil Organic Carbon

Use of Principal Components for Scaling Up Topographic Models to Map Soil Redistribution and Soil Organic Carbon

Published on: October 16, 2018

Area of Science:

Environmental Science
Climate Policy
Forestry

Background:

Carbon offsets are utilized globally to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
The validity of carbon offsets relies on demonstrating real and additional climate benefits.
California's forest carbon offsets program is a prominent example of such a mechanism.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the design and effectiveness of California's forest carbon offsets program.
To assess whether the program's offset credits represent equivalent climate benefits.
To identify systemic issues leading to potential over-crediting.

Main Methods:

Digitization and analysis of comprehensive offset project records.
Detailed forest inventory data analysis.
Comparison of project carbon stocks against regional averages.

Main Results:

California's program systematically over-credits forest carbon offsets.
An estimated 30.0 million tCO2e (29.4%) in excess credits were issued.
These excess credits are valued at approximately $410 million.
The program design incentivizes credit generation over actual carbon storage improvements.

Conclusions:

California's forest carbon offsets program fails to deliver equivalent climate benefits as claimed.
The methodology of comparing projects to regional averages leads to significant over-crediting.
The program's incentives are misaligned with the goal of enhancing forest carbon sequestration.