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Related Concept Videos

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias01:18

Dysrhythmias IV: Characteristics of Bradyarrhythmias

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Bradyarrhythmias are cardiac rhythm disorders characterized by a slower-than-normal heart rate, typically defined as fewer than 60 beats per minute. Some of which are discussed here:Sinus BradycardiaSinus bradycardia presents a heart rate lower than 60 beats per minute, with a regular rhythm originating from the SA node. The ECG typically shows normal P waves preceding each QRS complex, a normal PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and a normal QRS duration (0.06 to 0.10 seconds).First-Degree AV...
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
Arrhythmias are categorized by their speed, rhythm, and origin. A slow heart...
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ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers01:24

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class II Agents as β-Adrenergic Blockers

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Adrenergic stimulation generally impacts cardiac rate and rhythm. Specifically, stimulation of the β-adrenoceptors triggers an increase in intracellular calcium ion influx and pacemaker currents, which may cause arrhythmias. Catecholamines like adrenaline also demonstrate β2-adrenoceptor-mediated hypokalemia, impacting cardiac action potential and disrupting the normal cardiac rhythm. Class II antiarrhythmic drugs are β-adrenoceptor antagonists or β-blockers, which...
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Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class IV Agents as Calcium Channel Blockers01:20

Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Class IV Agents as Calcium Channel Blockers

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Class IV antiarrhythmic drugs, such as verapamil and diltiazem, block calcium channels. They primarily affect the heart, slowing the conduction in calcium-dependent tissues like the SA and AV nodes. These drugs manage reentrant supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) and reduce ventricular rate in atrial flutter/fibrillation.
Verapamil, a calcium channel blocker, inhibits calcium movement across myocardial cell membranes and vascular smooth muscle. This results in the dilation of coronary and...
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Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias01:28

Mechanism of Cardiac Arrhythmias

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Arrhythmias are irregular heart rhythms occurring when the heart's electrical impulses become abnormal. These disturbances can lead to various symptoms, depending on their severity and the underlying cause. Some common factors contributing to arrhythmias include hypoxia, ischemia, electrolyte imbalances, excessive catecholamine exposure, drug toxicity, and muscle overstretching. Arrhythmias can be classified into two main types based on the rate and site of origin of abnormal heart rhythms.
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Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Robotic Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation
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Iatrogenic Atrioventricular Block.

Christopher C Cheung1, Shumpei Mori2, Edward P Gerstenfeld1

  • 1Section of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Division of Cardiology, University of California San Francisco, MU-East 4th Floor, 500 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.

Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics
|October 25, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Iatrogenic atrioventricular (AV) block, often resulting from cardiac procedures, can necessitate pacemakers. This review covers causes, predictors, and management of AV block from cardiac surgery and electrophysiology interventions.

Keywords:
Atrioventricular blockCardiac surgeryCatheter ablationComplete heart blockIatrogenicTranscatheter valve

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Medical Procedures

Background:

  • Iatrogenic atrioventricular (AV) block is a complication of cardiac procedures.
  • Patients undergoing aortic/mitral valve surgery or transcatheter aortic valve replacement face high risks.
  • Electrophysiology procedures like catheter ablation also pose risks to the AV conduction system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the causes of iatrogenic AV block.
  • To identify predictors for developing AV block.
  • To outline general management strategies for iatrogenic AV block.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on iatrogenic AV block.
  • Analysis of risk factors associated with cardiac surgery and electrophysiology procedures.
  • Synthesis of current management guidelines.

Main Results:

  • Cardiac surgery, particularly valve procedures, and transcatheter aortic valve replacement are significant causes of iatrogenic AV block.
  • Electrophysiology procedures carry a risk of AV conduction system injury.
  • Predictors and management strategies are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Iatrogenic AV block is a recognized complication requiring awareness.
  • Risk stratification and appropriate management are crucial for patient outcomes.
  • Further research may refine prevention and treatment strategies.