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Updated: Oct 15, 2025

Preparation of Virus-Enriched Inoculum for Oral Infection of Honey Bees Apis mellifera
Published on: August 26, 2020
Nuria Morfin1, Ricardo Anguiano-Baez2, Ernesto Guzman-Novoa3
1Research Associate, University of Guelph, School of Environmental Sciences, 50 Stone Road East, N1G 2W1, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
Honey bees (Apis mellifera) possess individual innate immunity and collective social immunity, including hygienic behaviors, to combat pests and diseases. Understanding these defenses is key to improving honey bee health and productivity.
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