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Pericarditis I: Introduction

Pericarditis I: Introduction

Pericarditis is defined as the inflammation of the pericardium, the thin, sac-like membrane surrounding the heart. This condition can cause significant chest pain and other symptoms, often necessitating medical intervention. The pericardium has two layers: the inner visceral layer and the outer parietal layer, separated by a small amount of fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats.Types of PericarditisPericarditis can be classified into several types based on the duration and nature of the...

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...

Myocarditis I: Introduction

Myocarditis I: Introduction

Myocarditis is inflammation of the myocardium, which is the muscular layer of the heart.EtiologyMyocarditis has a diverse etiology, including a wide range of infectious and non-infectious causes:Infectious CausesViral: Common viruses include Coxsackie A and B, adenovirus, parvovirus B19, enteroviruses, and influenza A.Bacterial: Examples include infections caused by Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and Mycoplasma species.Rickettsial: Infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever can result in...

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...

Pericarditis III: Medical Management

Pericarditis III: Medical Management

The primary objectives of managing pericarditis are to determine the underlying cause, provide effective therapy for treatment and symptom relief, and promptly detect signs and symptoms of cardiac tamponade. The following outlines the essential aspects of medical management for pericarditis:ObjectivesDetermine the Cause: Identifying the underlying cause of pericarditis is crucial for targeted treatment. Causes include viral infections, autoimmune diseases, post-cardiac injury syndrome, and...

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Updated: Oct 15, 2025

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

Takayasu arteritis.

Sinem Nihal Esatoglu¹, Gulen Hatemi²

¹Department of Rheumatology, Gaziosmanpasa Training and Research Hospital.

Current Opinion in Rheumatology

|October 26, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Recent advances in Takayasu arteritis (TAK) include novel angiographic clusters and new imaging techniques for assessing arterial inflammation. Janus kinase inhibitors show promise for managing this rare autoimmune disease.

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Last Updated: Oct 15, 2025

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Area of Science:

Vascular Inflammation
Rheumatology
Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

Takayasu arteritis (TAK) is a rare, large-vessel vasculitis affecting the aorta and its branches.
Understanding TAK pathogenesis and improving diagnostic tools are crucial for effective patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in Takayasu arteritis.
Focus on pathogenesis, imaging modalities, and therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent studies on Takayasu arteritis.
Analysis of novel findings in disease classification, imaging, and treatment.

Main Results:

Identification of three novel angiographic clusters in Indian and North American cohorts.
Promising results from new imaging modalities for assessing arterial inflammation.
Evidence supports tocilizumab's long-term use, though relapses occur.
Janus kinase inhibitors emerge as promising therapeutic agents based on new pathogenetic insights.

Conclusions:

Improved imaging and understanding of pathogenesis will enhance disease activity assessment.
Development of effective therapeutic agents is an ongoing goal in Takayasu arteritis management.