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Tattoo-Associated Viral Infections: A Review.

Philip R Cohen1,2

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Viral infections can occur in tattoos, with human papillomavirus (HPV) and molluscum contagiosum being the most common. These tattoo-associated viral lesions may be linked to ink properties or contaminated equipment.

Keywords:
hepatitisherpes simplex virushuman papillomavirusmolluscum contagiosumtattoovirus

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Tattoos involve inoculating pigment into the dermis, creating a potential site for viral infections.
  • While systemic infections are known, tattoo-associated cutaneous viral lesions are less frequently reported.
  • Commonly reported viral pathogens include herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), molluscum contagiosum, rubella, and vaccinia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and summarize published literature on cutaneous viral lesions associated with tattoos.
  • To identify the types of viruses causing these lesions and their frequency.
  • To explore potential mechanisms and risk factors for tattoo-associated viral infections.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of published reports on tattoo-associated viral lesions.
  • Analysis of patient data including viral type, lesion characteristics, and patient immune status.
  • Categorization of viral pathogens based on occurrence and frequency.

Main Results:

  • Human papillomavirus (HPV) and molluscum contagiosum are the most frequent causes of tattoo-associated viral lesions.
  • HPV lesions were reported in 45 patients, molluscum contagiosum in 14, with most patients being immunocompetent.
  • Hypotheses for HPV and molluscum contagiosum include black ink's effect on local immunity and contaminated instruments or pigments.

Conclusions:

  • Tattoo-associated viral lesions, particularly from HPV and molluscum contagiosum, are an emerging concern.
  • Black ink may contribute to localized immunosuppression, facilitating viral infections.
  • Preventive measures for blood-borne viruses like hepatitis B, C, and HIV have been implemented during tattooing.