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Related Concept Videos

Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...
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Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps01:15

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To wash hands properly, follow these steps:
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Handwashing I: Introduction and Types of Equipment01:18

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Handwashing is hand hygiene with plain or antimicrobial soap and water to physically remove dirt, organic material, and microorganisms. However, it may not kill all microorganisms. The handwashing procedure requires a hand wash basin, liquid soap, paper towels, a domestic waste bin, and disposable nail cleaner as optional equipment.
Hand wash basins in clinical areas should have faucets that can be turned on and off without using the hands; that is, they should be non-touch or lever-operated....
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Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps01:19

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The pre-procedure steps of handwashing include removing jewelry and rolling up sleeves. However, many organizations allow staff to wear wedding rings.
The hand washing procedure itself includes the following steps. First, cover cuts, if any, on hands with a waterproof dressing. Cuts and abrasions can become contaminated with bacteria hindering the ability to clean the area thoroughly. In addition, repeated hand washing can worsen an injury.  The nails must be short and clean, without nail...
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Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols02:32

Physical Properties of Alcohols and Phenols

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Alcohols are organic compounds in which a hydroxy group is attached to a saturated carbon. Phenols are a class of alcohols containing a hydroxy group attached to an aromatic ring. The physical properties of the alcohols and phenols are influenced by hydrogen bonding due to the oxygen–hydrogen dipole in the hydroxy functional group and dispersion forces between alkyl or aryl regions of alcohol and phenol molecules.
Alcohols possess a higher boiling point than aliphatic hydrocarbons of...
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Chemical Agents for Microbial Control01:27

Chemical Agents for Microbial Control

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Chemicals play important roles in controlling microbial growth by targeting microbial structures and functions as sanitizers, antiseptics, disinfectants, and sterilants.Alcohols are commonly used sanitizers, effectively disrupting lipid membranes, which compromises cell integrity. They are also used as antiseptics and disinfectants due to their rapid action and versatility.Phenols and their derivatives phenolics , known for denaturing proteins and disrupting cell membranes, are particularly...
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Updated: Oct 14, 2025

A Method to Test the Efficacy of Handwashing for the Removal of Emerging Infectious Pathogens
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Alcohol-based hand sanitizer - composition, proper use and precautions.

Tushar Saha1, Prakash Khadka2, Shyamal C Das2

  • 1MPharm, University of Otago School of Pharmacy, Adams Building, 18 Frederick Street, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand.

Germs
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Summary

Alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) are crucial for preventing pathogen spread, including SARS-CoV-2. Proper selection, usage, and handling of ABHS are essential for maximum efficacy and to prevent adverse health and safety hazards.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Disease Prevention
  • Chemical Safety

Background:

  • Alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHS) use surged globally during the COVID-19 pandemic to combat SARS-CoV-2.
  • Hand hygiene is a cornerstone of infection control, with ABHS recognized for reducing pathogen transmission.
  • While effective, ABHS require proper application to maximize germ-killing potential and mitigate associated risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To emphasize the critical need for appropriate selection, usage, and handling of ABHS.
  • To inform users about factors influencing ABHS efficacy against pathogens like SARS-CoV-2.
  • To raise awareness regarding potential hazards of ABHS and promote safe practices.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review on ABHS effectiveness and safety.
  • Analysis of factors influencing ABHS performance.
  • Discussion of adverse effects and preventive measures.

Main Results:

  • ABHS effectiveness depends on factors like formulation, active agents, and pathogen type.
  • Improper use or selection can lead to reduced efficacy and adverse effects (e.g., skin irritation, fire hazards).
  • User knowledge is key to safe and effective ABHS utilization.

Conclusions:

  • Proper ABHS selection, usage, and handling are vital for optimal pathogen control and user safety.
  • Enhanced public awareness regarding ABHS benefits and risks is necessary.
  • Promoting informed use of ABHS contributes to preventing infectious disease transmission.