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Related Concept Videos

Knee Joint01:23

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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Synovial joints are the most common type of joint in the body. A key structural characteristic for a synovial joint is the presence of a joint cavity. This fluid-filled space is where the articulating surfaces of the bones contact each other. Also, unlike fibrous or cartilaginous joints, the articulating bone surfaces at a synovial joint are not directly connected to each other with fibrous connective tissue or cartilage. This gives the bones of a synovial joint the ability to move smoothly...
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Author Spotlight: Double Posteromedial Approach for Treating Posterior Cruciate Ligament Cysts
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Intra-Articular Tumors.

Marta Sbaraglia1, Marco Gambarotti2, Gianluca Businello1

  • 1Department of Pathology, Azienda Ospedale-Università Padova, Padua, Italy; Department of Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, Padua, Italy.

Surgical Pathology Clinics
|November 7, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neoplastic diseases rarely occur within the intra-articular space, primarily involving synovial chondromatosis and tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCT). While generally benign, these conditions can exhibit aggressive local behavior and, rarely, malignant transformation.

Keywords:
Articular spaceBoneJoint diseasesMesenchymal tumorsSynovial chondromatosisTenosynovial giant cell tumors

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Oncology
  • Pathology
  • Joint Diseases

Background:

  • The intra-articular space is an uncommon site for neoplastic diseases.
  • Synovial chondromatosis and tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCT) predominantly affect joints.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinicopathologic characteristics of intra-articular neoplastic diseases.
  • To highlight the behavior of synovial chondromatosis and TGCT within the joint.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of intra-articular neoplastic entities.
  • Analysis of clinicopathologic features of synovial chondromatosis and TGCT.

Main Results:

  • Synovial chondromatosis is a locally aggressive chondrogenic neoplasm with rare malignant potential.
  • Tenosynovial giant cell tumors (TGCT) present in localized and diffuse variants, with the diffuse type being more aggressive.
  • Malignant TGCT is rare but associated with high rates of local recurrence and metastasis.

Conclusions:

  • Intra-articular neoplasms are rare, with synovial chondromatosis and TGCT being the primary entities.
  • Both conditions can display aggressive local behavior, and malignant transformation, though rare, is a concern.