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Updated: Oct 14, 2025

Protective Efficacy and Pulmonary Immune Response Following Subcutaneous and Intranasal BCG Administration in Mice
Published on: September 19, 2016
Critical shortage in BCG immunotherapy: How did we get here and where will it take us?
Michael Harvey1, Bodie Chislett2, Marlon Perera1
1Department of Urology, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Centre at Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Urology, Western Health, Melbourne, Australia.
Abstract:
Intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccine, one of the most successful bio-therapies to date, has been the gold standard treatment for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer for 44 years. International shortages have necessitated rationing this life-saving medication with deleterious effects on the primary treatment of high-grade non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Understanding the history of intravesical Bacillus Calmette-Guérin gives us insight into the current shortages and future perspectives for novel immunotherapy opportunities against this deadly disease.
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