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Related Concept Videos

Quality of Water01:19

Quality of Water

266
In concrete preparation, the quality of water is paramount as it affects the strength and durability of the concrete. Potable water is usually preferred; however, it must not have excessive sodium or potassium to prevent compromising the concrete's integrity. Water quality is typically evaluated based on impurities such as dissolved solids, chlorides, and sulfates, and its pH value is ideally between 6 and 8. Even slightly acidic natural water may be acceptable unless it contains harmful...
266
Waterproofing and Anti-Bacterial Admixtures in Concrete01:22

Waterproofing and Anti-Bacterial Admixtures in Concrete

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Concrete's susceptibility to water absorption is due to the capillary action within the pores of its hydrated cement paste. This action draws water in, creating the need for waterproofing admixtures to prevent such penetration. The efficacy of these admixtures is contingent upon the water pressure, with variations arising from different conditions such as rain, capillary rise, or hydrostatic pressure in structures intended to hold water.
Waterproofing admixtures render concrete hydrophobic,...
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Effect of Sea Water on Concrete01:22

Effect of Sea Water on Concrete

528
Concrete exposed to seawater can undergo degradation like the dissolution of ettringite and gypsum, increasing the material's porosity and decreasing its strength. In contrast, the crystallization of salts within the concrete's pores can cause expansion, particularly above the waterline where evaporation occurs. Nonetheless, this expansion only happens when seawater, enabled by the concrete's permeability, manages to infiltrate the structure.
Concrete in areas between tide marks,...
528

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Updated: Oct 13, 2025

Proof-of-Concept for Gas-Entrapping Membranes Derived from Water-Loving SiO2/Si/SiO2 Wafers for Green Desalination
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Surfaces with Adjustable Features-Effective and Durable Materials for Water Desalination.

Samer Al-Gharabli1, Ziad Abu El-Rub1, Eyad Hamad2

  • 1Pharmaceutical and Chemical Engineering Department, German Jordanian University, Amman 11180, Jordan.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|November 13, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed advanced Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes for water desalination. Modified PVDF membranes demonstrated significantly enhanced transport properties and high hydrophobicity for improved desalination efficiency.

Keywords:
PVDFdesalinationmaterial chemistrymembrane distillationroughness and chemistry tuningwettability

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Environmental Science

Background:

  • Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes are widely used in separation processes.
  • Improving the transport and separation properties of PVDF membranes is crucial for efficient water desalination.
  • Surface modification techniques are key to tailoring membrane performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop novel PVDF-based materials with enhanced properties for membrane distillation.
  • To investigate the impact of surface chemistry and roughness on membrane performance.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of modified PVDF membranes in water desalination.

Main Methods:

  • PVDF material modification through controlled chemistry and roughness.
  • Surface activation using the piranha approach to create OH-rich surfaces.
  • Covalent attachment of epoxy and long-alkyl moieties for surface functionalization.
  • Comprehensive material characterization (morphology, thermal, wettability).
  • Testing in air-gap membrane distillation for desalination performance evaluation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully developed PVDF materials with controllable features and improved transport/separation properties.
  • PVDF membranes functionalized with long-alkyl chains exhibited outstanding performance.
  • Achieved 58-62% enhancement in transport compared to pristine PVDF.
  • Generated highly hydrophobic surfaces (contact angle 148°) with significant roughness (560 nm).
  • Demonstrated tunable hydrophobicity and reduced adhesion work.
  • All modified materials showed high stability and excellent desalination effectiveness.

Conclusions:

  • Modified PVDF membranes offer superior performance for water desalination.
  • Surface functionalization, particularly with long-alkyl chains, significantly enhances membrane transport and hydrophobicity.
  • The developed materials are stable and highly effective for long-term desalination processes.