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Related Concept Videos

Primary Lymphoid Organs01:16

Primary Lymphoid Organs

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Primary lymphoid organs are pivotal in the formation, development, and maturation of lymphocytes, the white blood cells that serve as the backbone of our immune system. This crucial function underscores their fundamental role in maintaining our overall health and immunity. The two primary lymphoid organs of prime importance are the red bone marrow and the thymus.
The red bone marrow is a soft, spongy tissue nestled in the interior of long bones such as the humerus and femur. It is the site...
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Secondary Lymphoid Organs01:15

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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Secondary organs, including lymph nodes, the spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), work harmoniously to protect us from disease and infection.
The spleen is a vital organ in the lymphatic system, nestled in the upper left side of the abdomen. It is composed of two primary regions: the red pulp and the white pulp, each having distinct functions. The red pulp performs a significant role in blood filtration. It efficiently purges the blood of old or damaged red blood cells and...
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Lymphoid Cells and Tissues01:18

Lymphoid Cells and Tissues

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Lymphoid cells and tissues are integral to the immune system, which is crucial in maintaining our body's defense against harmful pathogens. They form the building blocks of lymphoid organs, which include the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes.
Lymphoid cells consist of various types of immune system cells. These include B and T lymphocytes, which are responsible for producing antibodies and killing infected cells, respectively. Dendritic cells act as messengers between the innate and adaptive...
1.9K
Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
5.6K
Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes01:23

Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes

3.0K
Lymph nodes are bean-shaped structures that cluster along the lymphatic vessels in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions. Each node is divided into compartments by a capsule that extends trabeculae inward.
From a histological perspective, lymph nodes can be split into two main areas: the superficial cortex and the deep medulla. The outer cortex is populated by dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes, which are densely packed into follicles. When these B-lymphocytes are presented...
3.0K
Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System01:28

Functions of the Lymphatic and Immune System

4.7K
The lymphatic system plays a crucial role in bolstering our immune system. It consists of a network of lymphoid organs, lymph, and lymphatic vessels that provide structural and functional support in safeguarding the body against pathogens such as viruses and bacteria.
The primary lymphoid organs, including the bone marrow and the thymus, serve as the maturation sites for lymphocytes. Secondary lymphoid organs, like the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, activate these lymphocytes and serve as...
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Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

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Primary Central Nervous System Lymphomas.

Ugonma Chukwueke1, Christian Grommes2, Lakshmi Nayak1

  • 1Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School.

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America
|November 21, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is an aggressive brain cancer. While optimized chemotherapy and consolidation improve survival, many patients relapse, necessitating new salvage therapies.

Keywords:
Autologous stem cell transplantHigh-dose methotrexatePrimary central nervous system lymphomaThiotepaWhole-brain radiation therapy

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Flow Cytometric Analysis of Lymphocyte Infiltration in Central Nervous System during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
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Area of Science:

  • Neuro-oncology
  • Hematology
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare, aggressive extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
  • It is confined to the brain, spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid, and eyes.
  • Current treatment involves high-dose methotrexate chemotherapy and consolidation (stem cell transplant or radiation), improving survival but with high relapse rates and neurotoxicity risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current treatment landscape for PCNSL.
  • To highlight challenges in upfront therapy and relapse.
  • To discuss emerging targeted and immunotherapy approaches for salvage treatment based on molecular insights.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of primary central nervous system lymphoma treatment.
  • Analysis of current therapeutic strategies and outcomes.
  • Exploration of recent advancements in molecular pathophysiology and clinical trials for salvage therapy.

Main Results:

  • High-dose methotrexate-based chemotherapy followed by consolidation therapy improves survival in PCNSL.
  • Significant challenges remain, including lack of response to upfront therapy and high relapse rates.
  • Delayed neurotoxicity is a concern, especially in older patients.

Conclusions:

  • Despite treatment advances, PCNSL poses significant challenges due to resistance and relapse.
  • Molecular insights are driving the development of novel targeted and immunotherapy salvage strategies.
  • Further research and clinical trials are crucial for improving long-term outcomes in PCNSL patients.