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Related Concept Videos

Brain Imaging01:14

Brain Imaging

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Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
These technologies include computerized axial tomography (CAT or CT scans), positron-emission tomography (PET scans),  magnetic resonance imaging (MRI),  functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and Transcranial Magnetic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 12, 2025

Brain State-dependent Brain Stimulation with Real-time Electroencephalography-Triggered Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation
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Multi-locus transcranial magnetic stimulation system for electronically targeted brain stimulation.

Jaakko O Nieminen1, Heikki Sinisalo1, Victor H Souza2

  • 1Department of Neuroscience and Biomedical Engineering, Aalto University School of Science, Espoo, Finland; BioMag Laboratory, HUS Medical Imaging Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.

Brain Stimulation
|November 24, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a multi-locus transcranial magnetic stimulation (mTMS) system for precise, non-invasive brain stimulation. The new mTMS technology allows electronic control over the electric field

Keywords:
CoilElectric fieldMotor mappingMulti-locusTranscranial magnetic stimulationTransducermTMS

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Medical Devices

Background:

  • Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) offers non-invasive cortical stimulation.
  • Multi-locus TMS (mTMS) electronically controls the stimulating electric field (E-field) without physical coil adjustments.
  • Existing methods lack precise control over E-field location and orientation within a target cortical area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an mTMS system capable of adjusting the E-field maximum's location and orientation within a specific cortical region.
  • To enable electronically targeted brain stimulation for enhanced precision and flexibility.

Main Methods:

  • Designed and manufactured a planar 5-coil mTMS transducer for controlled E-field focusing within a ~30 mm diameter cortical region.
  • Developed custom electronics with independently controlled H-bridge circuits and programmed FPGA/computer software for hardware control.
  • Implemented an optimization method to calculate coil currents for inducing desired E-fields and performed system characterization.
  • Conducted a proof-of-concept motor mapping experiment on a healthy volunteer using the mTMS system.

Main Results:

  • The 5-coil mTMS transducer, comprising various coil types, was successfully manufactured and integrated with control electronics.
  • Technical characterization confirmed the mTMS system performed according to design specifications.
  • Motor mapping demonstrated consistent variations in motor evoked potential amplitudes correlating with the electronically shifted E-field maximum on the precentral gyrus.

Conclusions:

  • The developed mTMS system successfully enables electronically targeted brain stimulation within a defined cortical region.
  • This advancement offers a novel approach for precise, non-invasive neuromodulation.
  • The system's ability to precisely control the E-field location opens new possibilities for research and therapeutic applications.