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Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH01:19

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Polyprotic acids of the type H2M constitute two ionizable protons. As a result, on titration with a base, they exhibit two equivalence points in the titration curve. During titration, the species H2M, HM−, and M2− will be present in the solution at different points. The fractions of H2M, HM−, and M2− present at the various instances of the titration are denoted by α0, α1, and α2, respectively.
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In proton NMR spectroscopy, primary amines and secondary amines showcase their N–H protons as a broad signal in the chemical shift range between δ 0.5 and 5 ppm. The exact position in this range depends on several factors, including sample concentration, hydrogen bonding, and the type of solvent used. Since amine protons undergo fast proton exchange in solution, the protons are labile and therefore do not participate in any splitting with adjacent protons. Thus, the observed peak is...
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Amines with low molecular weight are usually gaseous at room temperature, while those with high molecular weight are liquid or solids in nature. Usually, low molecular weight amines have a rotten fish-like smell. Diamines typically have a pungent smell. For instance, cadaverine and putrescine, depicted in Figure 1, are two molecules responsible for decaying tissue.
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Differences in Polyamine Content between Human Milk and Infant Formulas.

Nelly C Muñoz-Esparza1,2,3, Oriol Comas-Basté1,2,3, M Luz Latorre-Moratalla1,2,3

  • 1Departament de Nutrició, Ciències de l'Alimentació i Gastronomia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Campus de l'Alimentació de Torribera, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Prat de la Riba 171, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain.

Foods (Basel, Switzerland)
|November 27, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Polyamines are crucial for infant development. This study found significant differences in polyamine levels between human milk and infant formulas, with formulas containing much lower concentrations.

Keywords:
breastfeedinghuman milkinfant formulaspolyaminesputrescinespermidinespermine

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Nutrition Science
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Human milk is the optimal nutrition for infants, but infant formulas are common alternatives.
  • Polyamines are vital for infant gut maturation and immune system development.
  • Both human milk and infant formulas are exogenous sources of polyamines for newborns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze polyamine levels in human milk throughout the first six months of lactation.
  • To compare polyamine content in human milk with that of various infant formulas.
  • To understand the role of polyamines in infant nutrition and development.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 30 human milk samples from six mothers over five months.
  • Analysis of 15 different infant formula brands.
  • Quantification of polyamines using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection (UHPLC-FL).

Main Results:

  • Polyamines were present in all human milk samples, with significant inter-individual variation.
  • Spermidine and spermine levels decreased during lactation; putrescine levels remained stable.
  • Infant formulas had substantially lower polyamine concentrations (up to 30 times less) than human milk.
  • Human milk was rich in spermidine and spermine, while infant formulas predominantly contained putrescine.

Conclusions:

  • Significant quantitative and qualitative differences exist in polyamine profiles between human milk and infant formulas.
  • Infant formulas may not fully replicate the polyamine composition of human milk.
  • Further research is needed to assess the implications of these differences for infant health and development.