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Related Concept Videos

Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
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Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
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Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
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Congenital Hypothyroidism.

Jacqueline Brady, Ashton Cannupp, Jordan Myers

    Neonatal Network : NN
    |November 30, 2021
    PubMed
    Summary

    Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a treatable thyroid hormone deficiency in newborns. Early detection through newborn screening prevents intellectual disability, highlighting the importance of prompt diagnosis and intervention.

    Area of Science:

    • Pediatrics
    • Endocrinology
    • Neonatal Care

    Background:

    • Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a thyroid hormone deficiency impacting infant development.
    • Untreated CH is a leading cause of preventable intellectual disability.
    • Newborn screening programs have improved CH detection rates for early intervention.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To emphasize the critical role of early identification and treatment of CH.
    • To highlight the impact of CH on neurocognitive outcomes.
    • To underscore the importance of healthcare provider knowledge regarding CH and screening limitations.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of current literature on congenital hypothyroidism.
    • Analysis of the impact of newborn screening programs.
    Keywords:
    congenital hypothyroidismlevothyroxinemetabolicnewborn screenthyroid dysgenesisthyroid hormone

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  • Discussion of clinical implications for neonatal care.

    • Main Results:

    • State-mandated newborn screening significantly increases CH detection.
    • Early intervention in CH is crucial for preventing severe neurocognitive deficits.
    • Awareness of CH pathophysiology and screening limitations is vital for effective management.

    Conclusions:

    • Congenital hypothyroidism requires prompt diagnosis and treatment to mitigate long-term developmental consequences.
    • Neonatal screening is effective but requires informed clinical practice to maximize benefits.
    • Effective management of CH relies on a thorough understanding of the condition and its screening protocols.