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Related Concept Videos

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After a large-single-celled zygote is produced via fertilization, the process of cleavage occurs while zygotes travel through the uterine tube. Cleavage is a mitotic cell division that does not result in growth. With each round of successive cell division, daughter cells get increasingly smaller.
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Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 11, 2025

Protocol for Human Blastoids Modeling Blastocyst Development and Implantation
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Protocol for Human Blastoids Modeling Blastocyst Development and Implantation

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Human blastoids model blastocyst development and implantation.

Harunobu Kagawa1, Alok Javali1, Heidar Heidari Khoei1

  • 1Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria.

Nature
|December 2, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers created a human blastoid model using stem cells, efficiently generating blastocyst-stage analogues. This model shows potential for studying early human development and implantation ethically and scalably.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Stem Cell Biology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Human embryonic implantation is a critical process for pregnancy.
  • Blastocyst formation is essential for implantation.
  • Existing models for studying early human development have limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a faithful, scalable, and ethical model for studying human implantation and development.
  • To investigate the self-organization and lineage development of human blastoids.
  • To assess the capacity of blastoids to mimic key events of early human development.

Main Methods:

  • Culturing naive human pluripotent stem cells in PXGL medium.
  • Triple inhibition of Hippo, TGF-β, and ERK pathways.
  • Analysis of blastoid formation, lineage composition, and developmental timing.

Main Results:

  • Efficient formation of blastoids (over 70% efficiency) from naive human pluripotent stem cells.
  • Blastoids accurately recapitulate blastocyst-stage analogues with high fidelity for trophectoderm, epiblast, and primitive endoderm (over 97%).
  • Observed spontaneous axis formation and epiblast-induced polar trophectoderm maturation, enabling directional attachment to endometrial cells.

Conclusions:

  • Human blastoids serve as a robust and ethical model for studying early human development.
  • Blastoids accurately mimic key developmental stages and events, including implantation-related processes.
  • This model offers a scalable platform for future research into human embryogenesis and reproductive health.