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Related Concept Videos

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment01:25

Transmission-based Precautions II: Airborne and Protective Environment

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Transmission-based precautions are for patients infected or suspected to be infected (or colonized) with organisms posing a significant risk to others. The transmission precautions include airborne and protective environment precautions.
Airborne precautions:
Use airborne precautions when treating patients known or suspected to have diseases that spread through the air—for example, tuberculosis or measles. These organisms are present in smaller droplets expelled by an infected person and...
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Standard Precaution01:26

Standard Precaution

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Standard precautions are the minimum infection control safeguards used while caring for all patients, irrespective of their disease condition. They help prevent the spread of common infectious microorganisms to healthcare workers, patients, and visitors in all healthcare settings.
Hand hygiene is the most crucial means to prevent the transmission of disease. Employers are legally required to provide their workers with personal protective equipment (PPE) to minimize exposure or contact with...
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Personal Protective Equipment01:20

Personal Protective Equipment

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Personal protective equipment (PPE) is unique clothing or equipment worn by an employee to minimize or prevent exposure to infectious agents. PPE creates a barrier between the employee and the infectious materials. PPE must be readily available in the patient care area. PPE includes gloves, gowns and aprons, masks and respirators, goggles, face shields, shoes, and headcovers:
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Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications01:19

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Respiratory assessment is a cornerstone of nursing assessments, crucial for the early detection of patient deterioration. This evaluation transcends routine procedures, representing a critical skill nurses must master to ensure optimal patient care.
Objectives and Importance:
The primary goal of respiratory assessment is to evaluate patients at early risk of clinical deterioration. Since respiratory distress often precedes other signs of declining health, breathing patterns and sounds become a...
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Common Respiratory Disorders01:31

Common Respiratory Disorders

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Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
Upper respiratory disorders impact the airways above the vocal cords, encompassing areas like the nose, sinuses, and throat. Various conditions fall under this category, including the common cold and allergic rhinitis. These disorders can stem from several causes,...
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PPE Use in Healthcare Settings I: Donning01:22

PPE Use in Healthcare Settings I: Donning

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Donning PPE must be completed before contact with the patient. This process protects from infectious agents. The sequence and action included in each donning are critical, and the steps must be systematic to avoid exposure to pathogens. The institutional policy also needs to be followed while donning PPE. The pre-donning preparations are gathering equipment, inspecting the PPE equipment for tears, holes, or damage, removing jewelry, removing any garments below the elbows, and tying the hair...
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Updated: Oct 10, 2025

Nasal Brushing Sampling and Processing Using Digital High Speed Ciliary Videomicroscopy – Adaptation for the COVID-19 Pandemic
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What We Are Learning from COVID-19 for Respiratory Protection: Contemporary and Emerging Issues.

Rui Li1, Mengying Zhang1, Yulin Wu1

  • 1Department of Apparel, Events, and Hospitality Management, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50010, USA.

Polymers
|December 10, 2021
PubMed
Summary

Respiratory protective devices (RPDs) are vital for controlling infectious respiratory diseases like COVID-19. This review examines RPD advancements, challenges in performance and comfort, and future research directions for enhanced protection.

Keywords:
biocidal materialdecontaminationfiltrationfithealthcare workerrespiratory protective device

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Infectious respiratory diseases, exemplified by COVID-19, pose significant public health challenges.
  • The dynamic nature of novel pathogens like SARS-CoV-2 necessitates effective control measures.
  • Asymptomatic and pre-symptomatic transmission underscore the need for universal adoption of respiratory protective devices (RPDs).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on respiratory infectious diseases and RPD efficacy.
  • To discuss emerging challenges impacting RPD protective and comfort performance.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and propose future research directions for RPD development.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on respiratory infectious diseases.
  • Analysis of technological, material, and medical advancements in RPDs.
  • Discussion of current issues in RPD engineering, standards, and regulations.

Main Results:

  • RPDs have evolved significantly over the past century.
  • Key challenges remain in RPD engineering performance, user comfort, testing standards, and regulatory oversight.
  • Emerging pathogens present novel transmission characteristics that influence RPD effectiveness.

Conclusions:

  • Continued innovation in RPDs is essential to combat evolving respiratory infectious diseases.
  • Addressing performance, comfort, and regulatory aspects is crucial for optimal RPD utilization.
  • Future research should focus on novel transmission characteristics and enhanced RPD technologies.