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Related Concept Videos

Skin Cancer01:30

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Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
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A thorough assessment of respiratory health is paramount in clinical settings to identify and manage respiratory distress and ensure adequate oxygenation. This article elaborates on the critical aspects of respiratory evaluation, including airway assessment, skin color examination, and the observation of accessory muscle use, which are integral to effectively diagnosing and managing patients with respiratory conditions.
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Updated: Oct 10, 2025

The Three-Dimensional Human Skin Reconstruct Model: a Tool to Study Normal Skin and Melanoma Progression
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Skin Color Match in Head and Neck Reconstructive Surgery.

Philip Daniel Knott1, Sean A Alemi1, Mary Han1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, U.S.A.

The Laryngoscope
|December 14, 2021
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Split-thickness skin grafts (STSG) over de-epithelialized tissue offer superior facial skin color match in reconstructive surgery compared to other methods. This technique improves aesthetic outcomes in microvascular facial reconstruction.

Keywords:
Skin colorcolor matchcutaneous surgeryfacial reconstructionmicrovascular surgery

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Area of Science:

  • Plastic Surgery
  • Reconstructive Surgery
  • Aesthetic Medicine

Background:

  • Achieving optimal skin color match is crucial in microvascular facial reconstruction.
  • Current reconstructive techniques present challenges in matching facial skin tones.
  • Split-thickness skin grafts (STSG) are a common reconstructive tool, but their color-matching efficacy requires evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify the color match achieved with different microvascular facial reconstruction techniques.
  • To evaluate a novel technique using STSG over de-epithelialized free tissue for improved skin color match.
  • To hypothesize that STSG over de-epithelialized tissue yields better facial skin color match than free tissue with intact epithelium.

Main Methods:

  • A cross-sectional photographic study involving 68 adult patients undergoing head and neck reconstructive surgery.
  • Patients were categorized by reconstructive technique: cervicofacial flap, radial forearm free flap (RFFF), fibula free flap, anterolateral thigh free flap (ALT), STSG over adipofascial flap (STAFF), and STSG over myogenous flap (STMF).
  • Color difference was calculated using delta-E, and blinded expert observers rated color match using a 10-point Likert scale.

Main Results:

  • The mean delta-E values varied across techniques, with lower values indicating better color match (e.g., cervicofacial flap: 4.7, STAFF: 6.3, STMF: 8.8).
  • Likert ratings also showed variability, with cervicofacial flap scoring highest (1.1) and RFFF lowest (2.4).
  • Inter-rater reliability for Likert scale ratings was strong (coefficient = 0.80).

Conclusions:

  • Split-thickness skin grafts (STSG) over de-epithelialized myogenous and adipofascial free tissue transfers generally provide a better color match than donor site skin paddles, with exceptions.
  • Delta-E values derived from digital photographs demonstrated good correlation with expert visual assessments of color match.
  • The study validates a reliable method for quantifying color match in reconstructive surgery, applicable for future research.