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Accessory Structures of the Skin: Sweat Glands

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Sweat glands or sudoriferous glands are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are small, coiled tubular structures located in the dermis, the middle layer of the skin. Sweat glands are responsible for producing and secreting sweat, a watery fluid that helps regulate body temperature and excrete waste products.
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A Detailed Protocol for Perspiration Monitoring Using a Novel, Small, Wireless Device

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Osmotically Enabled Wearable Patch for Sweat Harvesting and Lactate Quantification.

Tamoghna Saha¹, Jennifer Fang¹, Sneha Mukherjee¹

¹Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7905, USA.

|December 24, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a wearable patch for measuring lactate in sweat, even at rest. Sweat lactate correlates with sweat rate and can indicate muscle health, but only reflects blood lactate during intense exercise.

Keywords:

biochemical assay capillary evaporation hydrogels lactate osmotic pumping paper microfluidics sensing sweat wicking

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Wearable Technology
Biomarker Detection

Background:

Lactate is a key biomarker for muscle health and oxidative stress.
Existing sweat lactate monitors have limitations, including power requirements and inability to measure at low sweat rates.
Understanding the relationship between sweat and blood lactate is crucial for non-invasive monitoring.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate a wearable patch for on-skin sweat lactate monitoring.
To assess the patch's performance under varying sweat rates, including resting conditions.
To investigate the correlation between sweat lactate, sweat rate, and blood lactate levels.

Main Methods:

A wearable patch combining hydrogel osmosis and paper microfluidics for sweat collection.
On-skin operation utilizing osmosis for fluid withdrawal at rest and capillary action during active sweating.
Colorimetric assay for quantifying lactate concentration in collected sweat samples.

Main Results:

The wearable patch successfully collected and quantified sweat lactate under resting and active conditions.
Total moles of sweat lactate showed a correlation with sweat rate.
Sweat lactate concentration correlated with blood lactate concentration only during high-intensity exercise.

Conclusions:

The developed wearable patch offers a promising solution for long-term, non-invasive sweat lactate monitoring.
Sweat is a viable biofluid for lactate quantification, providing insights into muscle health and oxidative stress.
The patch's ability to measure lactate at rest expands its utility beyond exercise physiology.