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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Event Related Potentials ERPs and other EEG Based Methods for Extracting Biomarkers of Brain Dysfunction: Examples from Pediatric Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder ADHD

Published on: March 12, 2020

Brain Signatures During Reward Anticipation Predict Persistent Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms.

Di Chen¹, Tianye Jia², Wei Cheng¹

¹Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, China.

Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

|December 26, 2021

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified brain activity differences in adolescents with persistent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. Reduced medial frontal cortex and thalamus activation during reward anticipation may serve as neuro-biomarkers for ADHD persistence.

Keywords:

Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder functional magnetic resonance imaging monetary incentive delay polygenic risk score

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Published on: October 4, 2018

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psychiatry
Genetics

Background:

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms can persist from childhood into adulthood.
The underlying neurobiological mechanisms of persistent ADHD symptoms remain largely unknown.
Identifying biomarkers is crucial for understanding ADHD development and prognosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify neuroimaging biomarkers associated with persistent ADHD symptoms throughout adolescence.
To investigate neural differences between adolescents with persistent ADHD, those with symptom remission, and unaffected controls.
To explore the genetic relevance of identified biomarkers using polygenic risk scores.

Main Methods:

Whole-brain analyses of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data during the Monetary-Incentive-Delay (MID) task.
Longitudinal assessment of ADHD symptoms in 1,368 adolescents from age 14 to 16 years (IMAGEN Consortium).
Comparison of brain activity between persistent ADHD, remitted ADHD, and control groups.

Main Results:

Reduced activation in the medial frontal cortex and thalamus during reward anticipation were identified as neuro-biomarkers for persistent ADHD.
Polygenic risk scores for ADHD were associated with both persistent ADHD status and regional brain activations.
Thalamic activation differentiated persistent ADHD from remitted ADHD in exploratory and generalization samples.

Conclusions:

Neural biomarkers, specifically reduced medial frontal cortex and thalamic activation, can discriminate persistent ADHD from controls.
These biomarkers may also help predict symptom remission during adolescent development.
The findings provide insights into the neurobiological underpinnings of persistent ADHD.