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Related Concept Videos

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

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Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
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Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions02:21

Electrolyte and Nonelectrolyte Solutions

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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Electrolysis03:00

Electrolysis

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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Formation of Complex Ions03:45

Formation of Complex Ions

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A type of Lewis acid-base chemistry involves the formation of a complex ion (or a coordination complex) comprising a central atom, typically a transition metal cation, surrounded by ions or molecules called ligands. These ligands can be neutral molecules like H2O or NH3, or ions such as CN− or OH−. Often, the ligands act as Lewis bases, donating a pair of electrons to the central atom. These types of Lewis acid-base reactions are examples of a broad subdiscipline called coordination...
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Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
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Updated: Oct 8, 2025

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Interface Modification and Halide Substitution To Achieve High Ionic Conductivity in LiBH4-Based Electrolytes for

Long Hu1, Hui Wang1, Yongfeng Liu2

  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|December 29, 2021
PubMed
Summary

A new solid-state lithium-ion conductor, Li16(BH4)13I3@g-C3N4, was created using ball-milling. This material shows enhanced ionic conductivity and stability for advanced lithium batteries.

Keywords:
LiBH4all-solid-state batteriesg-C3N4halide substitutioninterface modification

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • Solid-state electrolytes are crucial for safer and more efficient lithium-ion batteries.
  • Lithium borohydride (LiBH4) based electrolytes offer potential but often suffer from low ionic conductivity at room temperature.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel solid-state lithium-ion conductor with high ionic conductivity and good electrochemical stability.
  • To investigate the synergistic effects of halide substitution and interface engineering in LiBH4-based electrolytes.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of Li16(BH4)13I3@g-C3N4 composite via a simple ball-milling process.
  • Characterization of ionic conductivity, electrochemical stability window, and thermal stability.
  • Assembly and testing of Li/Li symmetrical cells and full Li-ion batteries with various electrodes.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a high ionic conductivity of 3.15 × 10-4 S/cm at 30 °C for Li16(BH4)13I3@g-C3N4, significantly higher than pristine Li16(BH4)13I3.
  • Demonstrated excellent electrochemical stability (0-5.0 V vs Li/Li+) and thermal stability.
  • Showcased compatibility with various cathode (S-C, FeF3) and anode (MgH2, Li4Ti5O12) materials, enabling long-term cycling.

Conclusions:

  • The combination of halide substitution and interface modification in LiBH4-based materials is a promising strategy for developing high-performance solid-state electrolytes.
  • Li16(BH4)13I3@g-C3N4 shows potential for practical room-temperature all-solid-state lithium batteries.