Smoking habits and gallbladder disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis study

Area of Science:

• Gastroenterology and Hepatology
• Epidemiology
• Public Health

Background:

• Smoking is a potential risk factor for gallbladder disease (GBD).
• Existing evidence requires further consolidation and clarification regarding the smoking-GBD association.
• This study systematically reviews and meta-analyzes the correlation between smoking and GBD.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the potent correlation between smoking and gallbladder disease (GBD).
• To consolidate and clarify the existing evidence on the link between smoking and GBD risk.

Main Methods:

• A comprehensive literature review was conducted for studies published between January 1989 and December 2019.
• Random-effect, generic inverse variance method was used for pooled risk estimates.
• Newcastle-Ottawa scale assessed study quality; meta-regression identified heterogeneity sources.

Main Results:

• Thirty studies (4,623,435 individuals) were included.
• Ever smokers had 1.25 times higher odds of developing GBD (95% CI: 1.09-1.44), with significant heterogeneity (I²=96%).
• Non-adjustment for family history and alcohol intake were key heterogeneity sources; a dose-effect relationship was observed for current smoking.

Conclusions:

• Non-smokers exhibit a lower risk of GBD compared to ever smokers.
• Accurate risk estimates for GBD necessitate adjustment for family history and alcohol intake.
• The findings underscore the importance of smoking cessation for reducing GBD risk.