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Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...

Structural Isomerism

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can...

Bonding in Metals

Bonding in Metals

Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”.

Metal-Ligand Bonds

Metal-Ligand Bonds

The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Crystal Field Theory - Tetrahedral and Square Planar Complexes

Tetrahedral Complexes
Crystal field theory (CFT) is applicable to molecules in geometries other than octahedral. In octahedral complexes, the lobes of the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals point directly at the ligands. For tetrahedral complexes, the d orbitals remain in place, but with only four ligands located between the axes. None of the orbitals points directly at the tetrahedral ligands. However, the dx2−y2 and dz2 orbitals (along the Cartesian axes) overlap with the ligands less than the dxy,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 6, 2025

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

Assessment of Boron Doped Diamond Electrode Quality and Application to In Situ Modification of Local pH by Water Electrolysis

Published on: January 6, 2016

Structural transformations in boron clusters induced by metal doping.

Jorge Barroso¹, Sudip Pan¹, Gabriel Merino¹

¹Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Unidad Mérida, km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex 97310, Mérida, Yuc., Mexico. gmerino@cinvestav.mx.

Chemical Society Reviews

|January 14, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Doping boron clusters with one or two atoms dramatically alters their structure, leading to diverse shapes like wheels and cages. Understanding these transformations is key to predicting boron cluster geometry.

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Negative Additive Manufacturing of Complex Shaped Boron Carbides

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Negative Additive Manufacturing of Complex Shaped Boron Carbides

Negative Additive Manufacturing of Complex Shaped Boron Carbides

Published on: September 18, 2018

Area of Science:

* Computational chemistry and condensed matter physics.
* Investigating the structural properties of nanoscale materials.

Background:

* Boron clusters exhibit remarkable structural diversity, with established 2D to 3D transition points.
* The factors governing the specific geometry of boron clusters remain unclear.
* Doping significantly alters the electronic and structural characteristics of bare boron clusters.

Purpose of the Study:

* To review boron clusters (≤40 atoms) where doping induces significant structural changes.
* To highlight the impact of one or two dopants on boron cluster geometry.
* To explore the predictable structural motifs adopted by doped boron systems.

Main Methods:

* Compilation and analysis of existing experimental and theoretical studies on doped boron clusters.
* Focus on clusters containing up to 40 boron atoms with one or two dopants.
* Characterization of structural transformations and resulting geometries.

Main Results:

* Doping often results in a boron skeleton distinct from the undoped parent cluster.
* Specific examples of radical structural transformations induced by doping are presented.
* Observed structures include umbrella-like, wheel, tubular, and cage configurations.

Conclusions:

* Doping is a powerful tool for manipulating boron cluster structures.
* While precise prediction is challenging, doped clusters frequently adopt recognizable shapes.
* Further research is needed to fully elucidate the factors controlling doped boron cluster geometries.