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Triangular Pair Density Wave in Confined Superfluid ^{3}He.

Pramodh Senarath Yapa1, Rufus Boyack1,2, Joseph Maciejko1,2

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada.

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Superfluid helium-3 (³He) confined in 2D may form a pair density wave (PDW) with coexisting superfluid and crystalline orders. This study reveals a mechanism stabilizing a triangular lattice PDW, distinct from previous stripe predictions.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Fluids
  • Superfluidity

Background:

  • Superfluid helium-3 (³He) under planar confinement is theorized to exhibit pair density waves (PDWs).
  • Experimental data suggests a 2D PDW with noncollinear wave vectors, challenging earlier unidirectional stripe predictions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a general mechanism for stabilizing a 2D pair density wave (PDW) with triangular lattice symmetry in superfluid ³He.
  • To explore the transition from a uniform superfluid to a PDW phase using a generalized Landau theory.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a superfluid generalization of Landau's theory for the liquid-solid transition.
  • Analyzed soft-mode instabilities at finite wave vectors in the planar-distorted B phase of ³He.
  • Investigated the role of a cubic term in the PDW free-energy functional.

Main Results:

  • A mechanism is presented that stabilizes a PDW with triangular lattice symmetry.
  • A first-order phase transition from uniform superfluid to PDW is triggered by a soft-mode instability.
  • A cubic term in the free-energy functional selects PDW states with wave vectors summing to zero in triangles, uniquely favoring the triangular lattice.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a theoretical framework for the emergence of triangular lattice PDW in confined superfluid ³He.
  • The findings reconcile theoretical predictions with recent experimental observations of PDW symmetry.
  • This work advances the understanding of coexisting superfluid and crystalline orders in quantum fluids.