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Related Concept Videos

Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

35.2K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
12.0K
Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

3.7K
Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
3.7K
Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria01:19

Translocation of Proteins into the Mitochondria

6.8K
Mitochondrial precursors are translocated to the internal subcompartments via independent mechanisms involving distinct protein machineries called translocases.
Sorting of outer membrane proteins:
Mitochondrial outer membrane proteins are of two types: the transmembrane, beta-barrel porins, and the membrane-anchored, alpha-helical proteins. Beta-barrel porin precursors are translocated by the TOM complex and inserted into the outer mitochondrial membrane by the SAM complex. In contrast,...
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Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins01:39

Mitochondrial Precursor Proteins

2.7K
Mitochondrial precursors are partially unfolded or loosely folded polypeptide chains. Newly synthesized precursors are inhibited from spontaneously folding into their native conformation by the cytosolic chaperones, heat shock proteins 70 (Hsp70), and mitochondrial import stimulation factors (MSFs). Precursors bound to MSFs are guided to the TOM70-TOM37 receptors, while precursors bound to Hsp70  chaperones are targetted to TOM20-TOM22 receptor complexes.
Most of the mitochondrial...
2.7K
Mitochondrial Protein Sorting01:39

Mitochondrial Protein Sorting

4.6K
Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
Most of these mitochondrial proteins are encoded by the nucleus and imported to the mitochondria as unfolded or loosely folded precursors. Mitochondrial precursors...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 5, 2025

Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation
14:44

Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation

Published on: March 14, 2014

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Into the matrix: current methods for mitochondrial translation studies.

Antonios Apostolopoulos1,2, Shintaro Iwasaki1,2

  • 1Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8561, Japan.

Journal of Biochemistry
|January 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mitochondria possess their own protein synthesis system, crucial for cell function. New technologies now allow detailed study of this vital mitochondrial translation process.

Keywords:
FUNCATmitochondriamitoribosomeribosome profilingtranslation

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Labelling and Visualization of Mitochondrial Genome Expression Products in Baker's Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Labelling and Visualization of Mitochondrial Genome Expression Products in Baker's Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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Author Spotlight: Advancing Techniques and Discoveries in Protein Synthesis and Assembly Through Innovative Mitochondrial Research
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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 5, 2025

Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation
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Isolation of mRNAs Associated with Yeast Mitochondria to Study Mechanisms of Localized Translation

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Labelling and Visualization of Mitochondrial Genome Expression Products in Baker's Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Techniques and Discoveries in Protein Synthesis and Assembly Through Innovative Mitochondrial Research
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Techniques and Discoveries in Protein Synthesis and Assembly Through Innovative Mitochondrial Research

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Eukaryotic cells have distinct protein synthesis machinery within mitochondria, separate from the cytoplasmic system.
  • Mitochondrial translation is essential, as evidenced by diseases linked to mutations in its factors.
  • Studying mitochondrial translation has been challenging due to difficulties in quantitative, spatiotemporal measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current technologies for investigating mitochondrial translation.
  • To highlight insights gained from applying these novel approaches.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the unique mitochondrial protein synthesis system.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent technological advancements in studying mitochondrial protein synthesis.
  • Analysis of quantitative, comprehensive, and spatiotemporal measurement techniques.
  • Application of novel approaches to overcome previous analytic challenges.

Main Results:

  • Recent technological developments have enabled detailed investigation of mitochondrial translation.
  • These new methods overcome prior limitations in quantitative and spatiotemporal analysis.
  • Understanding of the unique mitochondrial protein synthesis system has been significantly expanded.

Conclusions:

  • Novel technologies have revolutionized the study of mitochondrial translation.
  • These advancements provide crucial insights into a vital cellular process.
  • Further research using these tools will deepen our knowledge of mitochondrial function and disease.