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Related Concept Videos

Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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[2021 Oncology update].

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Medical oncologists are advancing cancer treatments, focusing on immunotherapy efficacy in 2021. New therapeutic options are being explored across lung, breast, melanoma, and other major cancer types.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunotherapy
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact global health and economies.
  • Medical oncology specialists are dedicated to discovering novel therapeutic strategies.
  • Improving patient life expectancy and quality of life remains a primary goal.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize emerging therapeutic approaches in medical oncology for 2021.
  • To highlight advancements in immunotherapy and combination treatments.
  • To cover key cancer indications including lung, breast, melanoma, gynecological, digestive, urological, and ENT areas.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of recent advancements in cancer treatment modalities.
  • Focus on immunotherapy's role, both as monotherapy and in combination regimens.
  • Categorization of progress by specific cancer types.

Main Results:

  • Immunotherapy demonstrated continued efficacy across various cancer indications in 2021.
  • Combination therapies involving immunotherapy show promise.
  • Progress is being made in lung, breast, melanoma, gynecological, digestive, urological, and ENT cancers.

Conclusions:

  • 2021 research reinforces the significant role of immunotherapy in cancer treatment.
  • Ongoing efforts are yielding new therapeutic options for diverse oncological conditions.
  • Multidisciplinary approaches and continued research are vital for improving patient outcomes.