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Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination01:28

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Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra01:19

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...
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Anatomy of the Genitourinary System I: Kidneys and Ureters01:11

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The upper urinary system comprises two kidneys and two ureters, which are crucial in filtering blood and forming urine.KidneysLocation and Structure:The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs positioned behind the peritoneum on either side of the spine.Kidneys are between the 12th thoracic (T12) and the 3rd lumbar (L3) vertebrae.The position of the liver causes the right kidney to sit slightly lower than the left.Protective Layers:Each kidney is enveloped in a tough, fibrous membrane called the...
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Introduction to Urinary System01:13

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The urinary system consists of two kidneys, two ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra.
The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located in the retroperitoneal space, on either side of the vertebral column, between the T12 and L3 vertebrae. They are partially protected by the rib cage and surrounded by perirenal fat, which provides cushioning. They are responsible for urine formation and play critical roles in regulating blood pressure, electrolyte levels, and hormone production. The ureters...
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IntroductionIntravenous Urography (IVU) and Retrograde Pyelography (RP) are important diagnostic imaging techniques used to evaluate the urinary system. These methods help identify structural abnormalities, obstructions, and functional issues in the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. Both procedures use iodine-based contrast media to enhance the visibility of urinary tract structures on X-ray images, though they differ in their methods and indications.1. Intravenous Urography (IVU)Intravenous...
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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing
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[Urology].

Vanessa Fenner1, Leo Vouga1, Francesco Vaccaro1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genomic tests show promise for selecting prostate cancer patients for active surveillance. Advanced theranostics and new surgical techniques offer improved outcomes for metastatic prostate cancer and urethral strictures.

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Oncology
  • Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

  • Genomic tests have long been considered promising for prostate cancer prognosis but lacked conclusive evidence.
  • Metastatic prostate cancer resistant to androgen deprivation presents significant treatment challenges.
  • Penile urethral strictures require effective long-term reconstructive solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the utility of genomic tests in patient selection for prostate cancer active surveillance.
  • To highlight advancements in theranostics for metastatic prostate cancer.
  • To present a novel surgical approach for penile urethral strictures.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current data on genomic tests for prostate cancer prognostication.
  • Application of PSMA-targeted radioligand therapy in metastatic prostate cancer.
  • Evaluation of a new technique for placing substitution tissue in penile urethral reconstruction.

Main Results:

  • Genomic tests appear to improve patient selection for active surveillance in prostate cancer.
  • Theranostics utilizing PSMA-targeted radioligands effectively target disseminated tumor cells in advanced prostate cancer.
  • A new method for tissue placement in penile urethral strictures demonstrates long-term benefits.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic tests are increasingly valuable for active surveillance in prostate cancer.
  • PSMA-targeted theranostics offer a promising strategy for metastatic prostate cancer.
  • Novel surgical techniques provide durable results for penile urethral strictures.