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Updated: Oct 4, 2025

Complete and Partial Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta for Hemorrhagic Shock
Published on: May 19, 2022
Chronic total occlusion revascularization: A complex piece to "complete" the puzzle
Iacopo Muraca1, Nazario Carrabba1, Giacomo Virgili1
1Cardiovascular Department, Careggi University Hospital, Florence 50134, Italy.
Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for chronic total occlusion (CTO) is increasingly successful. Contemporary PCI strategies improve survival and reduce cardiovascular events, even in complex cases.
Area of Science:
- Interventional Cardiology
- Cardiovascular Medicine
- Vascular Biology
Background:
- Coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) treatment via percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has seen significant advancements.
- Improved strategies have led to higher CTO-PCI procedural success rates.
- Complete revascularization is linked to better patient outcomes, including increased survival and reduced major adverse cardiovascular events.
Purpose of the Study:
- To highlight the growing success and importance of CTO-PCI.
- To emphasize the benefits of complete revascularization achieved through contemporary PCI strategies.
- To discuss CTO-PCI as a solution for complex coronary anatomy.
Main Methods:
- Review of recent advancements in CTO-PCI strategies.
- Analysis of evidence supporting complete coronary revascularization.
- Discussion of contemporary PCI techniques for complex CTO cases.
Main Results:
- CTO-PCI procedural success rates have increased due to new strategies.
- Complete revascularization, achieved via PCI or bypass graft, improves prognosis.
- Contemporary PCI strategies offer long-term clinical benefits, even in high-risk patients with CTO.
Conclusions:
- CTO-PCI is increasingly successful and underutilized.
- Achieving complete or near-complete revascularization with CTO-PCI addresses a major challenge in interventional cardiology.
- Contemporary CTO-PCI strategies provide significant clinical benefits, completing the revascularization puzzle.
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