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Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...

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Updated: Oct 3, 2025

Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training

Development and Evaluation of 3D-Printed Cardiovascular Phantoms for Interventional Planning and Training

Published on: January 18, 2021

Technical Background for 4D Flow MR Imaging.

Masaki Terada¹, Yasuo Takehara², Haruo Isoda³

¹Department of Diagnostic Radiologic Technology, Iwata City Hospital.

Magnetic Resonance in Medical Sciences : MRMS : an Official Journal of Japan Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine

|February 14, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

3D cine phase-contrast MRI, or 4D flow MRI, offers detailed hemodynamic assessments. This technology enables accurate flow measurements by balancing imaging speed with signal quality for clinical applications.

Keywords:

4D flow magnetic resonance imaging energy loss k-and adaptive-t auto-calibrating reconstruction for Cartesian sampling phase-contrast image sparse sampling

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Last Updated: Oct 3, 2025

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Area of Science:

Cardiovascular imaging
Medical physics
Hemodynamics

Background:

3D cine phase-contrast MRI (4D flow MRI) is gaining clinical traction for hemodynamic assessments.
It provides cardiac phase-resolved velocity vector data across the entire field of view.
This enables retrospective flowmetry for evaluating vascular homeostasis and disease progression.

Purpose of the Study:

To discuss technologies that balance imaging speed and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) or velocity-to-noise ratio (VNR) in 4D flow MRI.
To highlight the importance of these factors for clinical viability and accurate flow measurements.

Main Methods:

Review of imaging acceleration techniques in 4D flow MRI.
Discussion of methods to maintain or improve SNR/VNR during accelerated acquisitions.

Main Results:

4D flow MRI allows for comprehensive hemodynamic analysis.
Achieving clinical viability requires optimizing the trade-off between imaging speed and data quality (SNR/VNR).

Conclusions:

Technological advancements are crucial for the clinical adoption of 4D flow MRI.
Balancing speed and accuracy is key to leveraging 4D flow MRI for improved patient care.