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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

9
Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight,...
9
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

16
In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses...
16
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

11
Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
11
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

8
In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
8
COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features01:20

COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features

665
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a group of lung conditions that progressively worsen over time, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema. This cluster of diseases collectively leads to a gradual and irreversible decline in lung function over time.
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
665
Drug Dosing: Infants and Children01:29

Drug Dosing: Infants and Children

19
Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
19

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COVID-19 in Children.

Philip Zachariah1

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.

Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
|February 16, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Severe COVID-19 is rare in children, but some develop serious conditions like multisystem inflammatory syndrome. Available treatments include antivirals, immunomodulators, and supportive care for respiratory and inflammatory symptoms.

Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • COVID-19 affects children, but severe illness is uncommon.
  • Disease manifestations in children are varied and frequently nonrespiratory.
  • Children with underlying health conditions face higher risks of severe respiratory issues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the diverse clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in children.
  • To outline current therapeutic strategies for severe COVID-19 and related conditions in pediatric populations.
  • To identify risk factors for severe disease progression in children.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentations and outcomes of COVID-19 in pediatric patients.
  • Analysis of available therapeutic interventions for different COVID-19 related syndromes.
Keywords:
COVID-19ChildrenMIS-CPediatricsSARS-CoV-2

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  • Identification of patient groups at risk for severe disease.

    • Main Results:

    • Most children experience mild COVID-19 and recover with supportive care.
    • A significant concern is the delayed multisystem inflammatory syndrome, particularly affecting the heart in severe cases.
    • Specific treatments are available for at-risk adolescents, severe respiratory disease, and multisystem inflammatory syndrome.

    Conclusions:

    • While severe COVID-19 is rare in children, vigilance for diverse manifestations is crucial.
    • Prompt and appropriate therapeutic interventions can improve outcomes for severe pediatric COVID-19 and related inflammatory syndromes.
    • Medical comorbidities increase the risk for severe respiratory compromise in pediatric COVID-19.