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Related Concept Videos

Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

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Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...
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Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes02:30

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This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial interactions.
The two chair conformations of cyclohexanes undergo rapid interconversion at room temperature. Both forms have identical energies and stabilities, each comprising equal amounts of the equilibrium mixture. Replacing a hydrogen atom with a functional group makes the two conformations energetically non-equivalent.
For example, in...
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Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism02:37

Disubstituted Cyclohexanes: cis-trans Isomerism

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Depending upon the different spatial orientation of the substituents, the disubstituted cycloalkanes exhibit two types of stereoisomers. The cis isomers have the substituents on the same side of the ring, whereas the trans isomers have the substituents on the opposite sides. These stereoisomers exhibit different physical properties and cannot be interconverted without breaking the carbon-carbon bonds.
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Aromatic Hydrocarbon Cations: Structural Overview01:18

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Cycloheptatriene is a neutral monocyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon that consists of an odd number of carbon atoms and an intervening sp3 carbon in the ring. The three double bonds in the ring correspond to 6 π electrons, which is a Huckel number, and therefore satisfies the criteria of 4n + 2 π electrons. However, the intervening sp3 carbon disrupts the continuous overlap of p orbitals. As a result, cycloheptatriene is not aromatic.
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Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Protein and Protein Structure

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Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence.
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Topological defects in polycrystalline hexosomes from β-cyclodextrin fatty esters.

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Researchers observed unique topological defects in self-assembled colloidal nanoparticles. These defects, including dislocations and grain boundaries, were visualized at the nanoscale in amphiphilic beta-cyclodextrin (βCD) structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Amphiphilic molecules self-assemble into ordered structures.
  • Colloidal nanoparticles offer tunable properties for various applications.
  • Understanding nanoscale defects is crucial for controlling material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize colloidal nanoparticles from amphiphilic beta-cyclodextrins (βCDs).
  • To investigate the nanoscale structural organization and defects within these self-assembled systems.
  • To analyze the nature and characteristics of observed topological defects.

Main Methods:

  • Aqueous self-assembly of amphiphilic β-cyclodextrins (βCDs) with C14 chains.
  • Thermolysin-catalyzed transesterification for nanoparticle preparation.
  • Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) for structural analysis.
  • Cryo-transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) for high-resolution imaging of defects.

Main Results:

  • Nanoparticles exhibited a reverse hexagonal columnar organization.
  • Cryo-TEM revealed tortuous particle shapes with misoriented hexagonal domains.
  • Identified nanoscale topological defects including edge dislocations and various tilt/twist grain boundaries (GBs).
  • Tilt GBs were characterized by sequences of βCD-C14 columns with differing neighbor counts (5, 6, or 7).

Conclusions:

  • This study provides the first direct nanoscale observation of topological defects in colloidal polycrystalline hexosomes.
  • The findings advance the understanding of defect formation and behavior in self-assembled amphiphilic systems.
  • The detailed analysis of grain boundaries offers insights into controlling the structure of nanostructured materials.