Humans sense by touch the location of objects that roll in handheld containers

Humans use active touch to gain behaviourally relevant information from their environment, including information about contained objects. Although most common, the perceptual basis of interacting with containers remains largely unexplored. The first aim of this study was to determine how accurately people can sense, by touch only, the location of a contained rolling object. Experiment 1 used tubes containing physical balls and demonstrated a considerable degree of accuracy in estimating the rolled distance. The second aim was to identify the relative effectiveness of the various available physical cues. Experiment 2 employed virtual reality technology to present, in isolation and in various combinations, the constituent haptic cues produced by a rolling ball, which are, the mechanical noise during rolling, the jolts from an impact with an internal wall, and the intensity and timing of the jolts resulting from elastic bounces. The rolling noise was of primary importance to the perceptual estimation task suggesting that the implementation of the laws of motion is based on an analysis of the ball's movement velocity. Although estimates became more accurate when the rolling and impact cues were combined, they were not necessarily more precise. The presence of elastic bounces did not affect performance.