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Related Concept Videos

Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

151
Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
151
Reclosers and Fuses01:26

Reclosers and Fuses

173
Automatic circuit reclosers enhance the protection of distribution circuits by interrupting and auto-reclosing an AC circuit according to a preset sequence. They effectively manage temporary faults on overhead distribution lines, often caused by tree limbs or wildlife, by briefly disrupting service to improve overall reliability. However, contact with reclosers or energized broken conductors on the ground can pose serious hazards.
A comprehensive protection scheme for radial distribution...
173
Line Protection with Impedance Relays01:27

Line Protection with Impedance Relays

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Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
Under normal conditions, low load currents keep the measured...
143
Directional Relays01:25

Directional Relays

228
Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
228
Radial System Protection01:23

Radial System Protection

158
Radial systems employ time-delay overcurrent relays to reduce load interruptions. When a fault occurs, the nearest breaker opens first, while upstream breakers remain closed due to longer delay settings. This approach ensures minimal disruption to the rest of the system.
In a radial system with a fault downstream of the third breaker, ideally, only the third breaker will open, isolating the fault and interrupting the load connected beyond it. The second breaker has a longer delay setting,...
158
Differential Relays01:20

Differential Relays

283
Differential relays are used to protect generators, buses, and transformers by comparing electrical quantities at different points. When a fault occurs, the difference in current between the two points triggers the relay to operate, opening the circuit breaker. Under normal conditions, the current entering (i1) and leaving (i2) a generator are equal. When a fault occurs, however, these currents become unequal, and the difference current flows in the relay operating coil, causing the relay to...
283

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A Video Surveillance System to Monitor Breeding Colonies of Common Terns Sterna Hirundo
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Optimal Relay Network for Aerial Remote Inspections.

Luis Ramos Pinto1, Luis Almeida2

  • 1Independent Researcher, 1350-248 Lisboa, Portugal.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 26, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Optimized placement of relaying Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) significantly boosts data packet delivery for remote inspections. This research finds strategic positioning increases efficiency by up to 15% compared to simple equidistant setups.

Keywords:
TDMAUAVmulti-hop networkpacket delivery ratiorelay networkthroughputwireless networks

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Area of Science:

  • Robotics and Automation
  • Wireless Communication Networks
  • Aerial Remote Sensing

Background:

  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), especially multirotors, are increasingly vital for aerial sensing and remote inspections in industrial settings.
  • Limited communication range of UAVs restricts their operational area, necessitating solutions like relaying UAVs.
  • Existing communication methods often face range limitations, hindering comprehensive remote inspections.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine optimal placement strategies for relaying UAVs to maximize end-to-end data packet delivery.
  • To address the challenge of limited communication range in UAV-based industrial inspection systems.
  • To develop a distributed method for relay UAV deployment that achieves global optimal positions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized digital data packet network technology (WiFi) for communication links between UAVs and the control station.
  • Modeled asymmetric communication links to accurately represent real-world scenarios.
  • Developed and analyzed a fully distributed method for relay UAV positioning, comparing it to centralized approaches.

Main Results:

  • Achieved up to a 15% increase in end-to-end packet delivery ratio through optimized relay UAV placement compared to equidistant placement.
  • Demonstrated the effectiveness of considering asymmetric communication links for improved performance.
  • The proposed distributed method converges to optimal relay positions, albeit taking slightly longer than centralized methods on average.

Conclusions:

  • Strategic placement of relaying UAVs is crucial for enhancing the reliability of remote industrial inspections.
  • The developed method offers a practical approach to overcoming communication range limitations in UAV operations.
  • The findings support the deployment of intelligent, distributed UAV networks for efficient and extensive industrial monitoring.