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Distribution reliability in electrical power systems is critical for ensuring an uninterrupted power supply to consumers at minimal cost. According to IEEE Standard Terms, reliability is the probability that a device will function without failure over a specified time period or amount of usage. For electric power distribution, this translates to maintaining continuous power supply and addressing customer concerns over power outages. Several indices, as defined by IEEE Standard 1366-2012, are...
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When analyzing a single line-to-ground fault from phase A to ground at a three-phase bus, it is important to consider the fault impedance. This impedance is zero for a bolted fault, equal to the arc impedance for an arcing fault, and represents the total fault impedance for a transmission-line insulator flashover. To derive sequence and phase currents, fault conditions are translated from the phase domain to the sequence domain.
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Coordinating time-delay overcurrent relays in complex radial systems and directional overcurrent relays in multi-source transmission loops can be challenging. Impedance relays address these issues by responding to the voltage-to-current ratio, specifically measuring the apparent impedance of a line. These relays become more sensitive during faults as current increases and voltage decreases, thereby reducing the apparent impedance.
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The analysis of suspension bridges is a complex and critical process that involves multiple factors, including the shape and tension of the main cables. The main cables of suspension bridges are subjected to distributed loads, which result in changes in tensile forces and deformation of the cable. These loads must be carefully considered to ensure that the bridge is safe and capable of supporting the weight of different loads.
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Updated: Aug 27, 2025

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An Infrastructure for Enabling Dynamic Fault Tolerance in Highly-Reliable Adaptive Distributed Embedded Systems Based

Alberto Ballesteros1, Manuel Barranco1, Julián Proenza1

  • 1Departament de Matemàtiques i Informàtica, Universitat Illes Balears, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces Dynamic Fault Tolerance for Flexible Time-Triggered Ethernet (DFT4FTT), a novel infrastructure for adaptive Distributed Embedded Systems (DESs). DFT4FTT enhances reliability and real-time performance through coordinated fault tolerance and self-reconfiguration.

Keywords:
DFT4FTTadaptivitydependabilitydistributeddynamic fault toleranceembeddedfault tolerancereliabilityresilience

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Systems Engineering

Background:

  • Distributed Embedded Systems (DESs) require high reliability and real-time performance for critical tasks.
  • Adaptivity is crucial for DESs to operate effectively in dynamic environments.
  • Integrating adaptivity with fault tolerance presents significant design challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a self-reconfigurable infrastructure for highly reliable adaptive DES.
  • To detail the hardware and software architecture of the proposed system.
  • To focus on the fault tolerance mechanisms within the adaptive infrastructure.

Main Methods:

  • Design of a coordinated infrastructure supporting fault tolerance, real-time, and adaptivity.
  • Implementation of Dynamic Fault Tolerance for Flexible Time-Triggered Ethernet (DFT4FTT).
  • Focus on integrated static and dynamic fault tolerance mechanisms.

Main Results:

  • A novel self-reconfigurable infrastructure, DFT4FTT, for adaptive DES.
  • Detailed hardware and software architecture enabling coordinated operation.
  • Enhanced fault tolerance through a combination of static and dynamic mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The DFT4FTT infrastructure provides a robust solution for building reliable and adaptive DES.
  • Coordinated design of fault tolerance, real-time, and adaptivity is key to managing complexity.
  • The proposed system enhances dependability in dynamic operational contexts.